TllK FACE. 1().»1 



cranial landmarks (fif,'. 6G6) are (1) the glabellar point, in the midliuc ..f ili.* 

 nasal eminence, on a level with the ui)iter margin of the orbits; (2) the inial point, 

 corresi)onding to the external occipital protuherance; (3) the mid-sagittal point] 

 midway between these; (4) the pre-auricular point, in front of the tragus, dii a 

 level with the upper border of the external auditory meatus; (5) the angular 

 point, over the external angular jjrocess, on a level with the upper border of iIk 

 orbit; (6) the squamosal point, at the junction of the middle and lower thirds of 

 the line (Frontal line) lietwicn the i)re-auricular and mid-sagittal points. By the 

 aid of these points, three lines may be drawn ujton the sliaven scal]> d<fiiiit<lv 

 related to the ])rincii)al lissurcs of the outer surface of the brain: (1 ) The sagittal 

 line, from the glabella to tiie inion; with this line coincides the longitudinal fissure. 

 (2) The squamosal line, from the angular to tlie squamosal i)oint, and about two 

 inches beyond; in this line and its continuation lies the fissure of Sylvius. (3) The 

 frontal line, from the pre-auricular to the mid-sagittal point. The fissure of 

 Rolando crosses this line at an acute angle. Its upper end, carried to the midline, 

 lies three-eighths of an inch l)ehind the mid-sagittal point; its lower end, in the 

 squamosal line, three-eighths of an inch beyond the squamosal point. 



THE face; 



The outline of the different bones — nasal, upper and lower jaws, malar, and 

 zygoma — can be readily traced. 



Arteries. — The supraorbital artery can be felt beating just above its notch 

 (junction of inner with outer two-thirds of supraorbital arch); the temporal itself 

 can be felt where it crosses the root of the zygoma just in front of the tragus, its 

 anterior branch about an inch and a (juarter above and behind the external angular 

 process of the frontal; the occipital (p. 1102) pulsates near the middle of a line 

 draAvn from the occipital protuberance to the mastoid ])roc('ss: the posterior 

 auricular behind the apex of the mastoid. The external carotid lies l)eliiiid tin- 

 ascending ramus of the jaw. The facial (fig. 667) crosses the jaw just in front of 

 the masseter; if divided, both ends nmst be secured here. It can be felt again a 

 little behind the angle of the mouth, just lieneath the mucous membrane (it here 

 gives off the coronaries, which can also be felt, lying deeply, if the lip is taken 

 between the finger and thumb); and again by the side of the nose, as it runs up to 

 the tendo oculi. To trace the course of the facial artery a line should be drawn from 

 a point a little above and outside the tip of the great cornu of the hyoid to the 

 lower ])art of the anterior })order of the masseter. and thence to one outside and 

 above the angle of the mouth, and so onwards, external to the angle of the nose, 

 up to the inner canthus. The litth- frontal artery is of importance, as it nourishes 

 the flap when a new nose is taken from the forehead. 



A line drawn from the tip of the lol)ule of the ear to a point midway between 

 the nose and upper lip gives the level of the parotid duct, which o];ens into the 

 mouth opposite the second upper molar tooth. The level of the duct would be 

 about a finger's breadth below the zygoma. It is accomjjanied by the transverse 

 facial artery above, and the infraorl)ital branch of the facial nerve below. The 

 sheath of the parotid, continuous with those of the masseter and sterno-niastoid, 

 is strong enough to cause most ex(iuisitely painful tension when inllannnation of 

 the gland is ])resent. 



Tlu' parotid region would be thus mapi>ed out (tig. <".70). Above by the pos- 

 terior twothirds of the zygoma, helmr by a line eorres])onding to the posterior belly 

 of the <ligastric (tig. 070); bc/iind are the external auditory meatus, mastoid, and 

 sternomastoid. In front the gland and socia parotidis overlap the ])osterior jiart of 

 the masseter. to a variable degree (fig. 670). 



The proximity of the parotid to the styloid process, to which the pharynx is 

 attached, accounts for dee]) jiarotid abscess opening into the pharynx. Below the 

 ro<it of the zvgoma. when this process is traced backwards, will be felt the temporo- 

 mantlibular joint; and wlu-n the mouth is opened, the condyle will be felt to glide 

 forwards upon the eminentia articulari;?. 



