ABDOMINAL VISCERA 



1147 



spleen, etc.— have been already mentioned (pages 1119, 1120). See also page 

 1119 for the incision for hiiiibar colotoniy. 



The commencement of tlie trachea and oesophagus has been given in front as 

 corresponding to the tiftli cervical vertebra. If examined from behind, this point, 

 owing to the obliquity of the spines, would be a little lower down. The trachea, 

 ibout five inches long, descending in the middle line, bifurcates opposite to the 



Fig. 710.— AiJUoMiNAL Vi.scera, from behind. (Rudinger.) 



DESCENDING COLON . 



inferior mesenteric 

 vein 



Diaphragm 



upenor mesenteric 

 vein 

 ' ASCENDING COLON 



interval between the third and fourth thoracic spines. The bronchi enter the 

 lungs at about the level of the fifth thoracic spine, the right being the shorter, 

 wider, and more horizontal. The oesophagus, about ten inches in length, starting 

 in the middle line, curves, at once gradually to the left, and to the root of the 

 neck; from this point it tends to regain the middle line up to the fifth thoracic 

 vertebra; thence finally turns again, and more markedly to the left, and passes 



