1148 



SURGICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL ANATOMY 



through the diaphragm opposite to the tenth or eleventh thoracic verteljra, or the 

 ninth or tenth thoracic spine. 



The aorta reaches tlie left side of the vertebral column, with its arch 

 just above the fourtli thoracic si)ine, and thence descends on the front of the col- 

 unm, with a sHght tendency to the left, to bifurcate opposite the fourth hnnbar 

 spine. 



The following table, from Holden and "NVindle, with additions, will be found 

 very useful in determining the relation of numerous viscera and other structures to 

 the bodies of the vertebra. 



Fig. 711. — View of the Spleex, etc., from behind. (Ruclinger.) 



1 



Cervical 



First. Level of hard palate. 



Second. Level of free edge of upper teeth. 



Second and third. Superior cervical ganglion of sympathetic. 



Fourth. Hyoid bone. Upper aperture of larynx. 



Fifth. Middle cervical ganglion, thyroid cartilage, and rima glottidis. 

 Between this and the last would be the bifurcation of the common carotid. 



Sixth. Cricoid cartilage. Ending of pharynx and larynx. 



Seventh. Inferior cervical ganglion. Apex of lung, higher in the female than 

 in the male. Arch of thoracic duct. 



