CALIFORNIA TOAD 657 



smaller numbers than females, and some at least of the former had already 

 lost the dark horny patches on their 'fingers.' 



On several occasions during the hot days of early summer, California 

 Toads were observed at the entrances to burrows of meadow mice and 

 ground squirrels. The toads probably make pretty general use of such 

 burrows as daytime retreats, going greater or less distances below the 

 surface as may be necessary to escape the heat and dryness of the mid- 

 day hours. 



YosEMiTE Toad. Bufo canorus Camp 



Field characters. — Size medium; total length 3 inches or less. A short broad raised 

 gland (parotoid) on each shoulder behind ear membrane; space between parotoid glands 

 not more than width of one of them; muzzle rounded in side view; pupil round. Male: 

 Skin quite smooth, with few 'warts'; ground color above olive green with dots of 

 black; under surface grayish white with scattered small spots of black. Female: Upper 

 surface with irregular patches of black (pi. 60d, e), each outlined with white and 

 marking the position of a low rounded wart ; ground color light brownish ; under surface 

 chiefly clear white. Voice: Spring song a sustained melodious trilling, with rapid 

 rhythm. 



Occurrence. — Common resident in Canadian and Hudsonian zones from near Chinqua- 

 pin and Tamarack Flat eastward to Tioga Pass. Lives in or about wet meadows. Soli- 

 tary except at spawning season. 



The Yosemite Toad was a second notable discovery among the amphibi- 

 ans found by our party in the Yosemite region. This species is quite 

 different in appearance from the California and Northwestern toads, which 

 live along the west and east flanks of the mountains, and its range is 

 separated by some miles on either hand from those of the other two. The 

 range of the present species includes most of the Canadian Zone and all 

 of the Hudsonian, extending from near Chinquapin and Tamarack Flat 

 eastward to Tioga Lake, and ranging altitudinally from about 6700 feet 

 to as high as 10,350 feet (at Vogelsang Lake). 



This species may be separated easily from other toads and frogs of the 

 region by the shape and position of the two large parotoid glands which 

 are located on each 'shoulder' immediately behind the ear membrane (pi. 

 60(Z, e). These glands are but little longer than they are broad and the 

 space between them does not exceed the width of one gland. In the other 

 two toads of the region the parotoid glands are proportionately longer and 

 are more widely separated. Neither the tree-toads (Hyla) nor the frogs 

 (Rana) possess these glands at all. 



There are marked differences between the two sexes in the Yosemite 

 Toad. Indeed they are so great that to a casual observer the male and 

 female might be taken as belonging to distinct species. As with other kinds 

 of toads, the females are somewhat larger than the males ; but the greatest 

 difference is in coloration. The male has very few obvious 'warts' and the 



