composition during preliminary steaming and also 

 to the more effective action in the small digester. 



The outstanding feature of the several experi- 

 ments was that there was no failure in obtaining 

 strong, long-fibred pulp of good quality. The pre- 

 liminary extraction did not detract to any notice- 

 able degree from the quality of the final fibre. The 

 soundness of the raw material and the use of large 

 chips was of course largely responsible for the favor- 

 able nature of the pulp. In Expts. 2, 3, 4 and 8 

 the pulp was quite thoroughly disintegrated by 

 the stirring device and the fibre was "soft." It 

 will be seen that low yield is coincident with soft 

 fibre. In Expt. 5 the pulp retained the chip form 

 but yielded to disintegration on handling. Expt. 6 

 gave a strong pulp from the smaller chips. Expt. 7 

 represents a "raw" cook, in which the pulp was 

 blown in the form of firm chips. Careful reduction 

 in the beater gave a fibre of dark brown color and 

 considerable strength, although the insufficient 

 cooking had left the fibre somewhat "woody." 



The over-all yield of approximately 25 per cent 

 of pulp illustrates the practical drawback in treat- 

 ing this resinous material directly for pulp alone, 

 not to mention the higli consumption of alkali 

 which would be involved in dissolving the rosin 

 and the mechanical difficulties in cooking and wash- 

 ing. The true pulp yields are well within the range 

 of ordinary practice. The figures between 45 and 

 50 per cent must be considered as most typical, 

 inasmuch as the raw material is especially adapted 

 to the production of somewhat raw, strong fibre 

 for making high-grade wrapping papers, etc. 



Nature of Products 



(1) Turpentine : As regards the character of the 

 crude turpentine obtained during alkali extraction, 

 it is apparent that the product represents the vola- 

 tile oils of the wood practically unchanged by 

 distillation from dilute alkali at low steam pressures. 

 In the refining of the crude turps, from the "Steam 

 Distillation" process, it is customary to redistil 

 after the addition of dilute alkali. It may be said, 

 then, that the volatile oils from the alkali extrac- 



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