JURASSIC CHIM^ROIDS. 



139 



regarded as belonging to the head. It was noted, further, that the peculiar fibro- 

 cartilage spines, characteristic of Menaspis, may be interpreted as homologous with 

 the so-called lip cartilages of the later Squaloraja; on the other hand, the paired 

 head spines of Menaspis correspond with those later seen in Myriacanthus, although, 

 naturally, they were less highly specialized. If, accordingly, Menaspis proves to 

 be a Permian Chimseroid, it certainly simplifies the problem of Chimaeroid descent. 

 It indicates a shark-like form having four dental plates (fig. 115), like Deltodus or 

 Sandalodus, and a dermal armoring which advanced pari passu with the develop- 

 ment of the dentition. 



Figs. 1 26- 1 3 I . Associations of dental plates in fossil Chimaeroids. Lateral aspect. 



126, Ptyctodus; 127, Rhynchodus secans (attached to the mandibular dental plate is shown the outline of the entire meclcelian cartilage) ; 

 1 28, Paleeoraylus greenei ; 1 29, Palfcomylus crassus ; 1 30, Myriacanthus paradoxus ; 131, Uchyodus. 



JURASSIC CHIM/EROIDS. 



Our definite knowledge of early Chimseroids does not, however, begin before 

 the Lias (Lower Jurassic), when remains of Squaloraja and Myriacanthus occur, 

 notably in the fine-grained limestones of Lyme Regis. In this favorable matrix 

 Squaloraja is so perfectly preserved, even in its cartilaginous parts, that we are 

 enabled to reconstruct its essential characters. As shown in fig. 138, it appears 

 as a somewhat flattened form; its vertebral column is strengthened with fine, 

 closely set, ring-shaped thickenings which resemble those of a typical recent Chim- 

 aeroid ; the cranium is autostylic (Traquair) and bears in the male the frontal 

 clasping organ, which here is long and spine-shaped (figs. 137, 137 A, 138, and detail 

 in fig. 139), situated immediately in front of the eyes and folding forward. The 

 orbits are large, and between them the breadth of the cranium suggests that the, 



