180 STUDIES ON FERMENTATION. 



dematium produce at a certain stage of their vegetation, in 

 addition to aerobian cells and torulae, other cells and torulae 

 which are anatirobian, that is, alcoholic ferments. 



In this manner we arrive at the confirmation of an idea 

 entertained by most authors who have studied yeast closely — 

 namely, that it must be an organ detached from some more 

 complex vegetable form. We may also add that in the case 

 of saccharomyces the chains of filaments, both tubular and 

 fusiform, and septate cells more or less pyriform originating 

 in them, when attentively observed, remind us forcibly of 

 the filamentous chains and spoi-e-balls, or conidia of mucor 

 racemosus when submerged, so that one might suppose that 

 the spore-ferment of our dematium is itself an organ detached 

 from some still more complex vegetable form, in the same 

 way that conidia-ferment of mucor racemosus belongs to that 

 more complex fungoid growth. 



In the following passage De Bary uses, for the first time, 

 the words dematium puUulans (Hofmeister, vol. ii. p. 182, 

 1866). The German naturalist begins by citing the opinions 

 of Bail, Berkeley, and H. Hofimann, the first of whom main- 

 tains that mucor mucedo becomes transformed into the yeast 

 of beer, the second that yeast is a peculiar state of penicillium, 

 and the third that it may be generated by fungi of ver}- 

 difierent nature, and especially by pcjiicil/ium glaucum and 

 mucor mucedo. He goes on to say : " I have taken great pains 

 to repeat the experiments of Bail, Berkeley, and II. Ilofi'mann, 

 but I have never been able to confirm the results which 

 they have stated, either in the case of growths in micro- 

 scopic cells or in experiments performed in test-tubes with 

 the pxirest possible substances — specially prepared solutions 

 or must of wine and spores of penicillium, mucor mucedo, 

 hotrylis cinerca, &c." On this point M. De Bary arrives at 

 exactly the same results which we communicated to the 

 Societe Philomathique and the Socieie Chimique of Paris, as 

 already given in Chap. IV. § 4, p. 128, note. 



M. De Bary goes on to say : '' In researches of this kind 



