VII. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 195 



1. Pipe from Turin 14| inches long, with six finger holes. Scale 



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This is the scale of E major, but only extending to six notes. It lacks the 

 addition of D jf and E to complete the octave. The fundamental note, or tone 

 of the whole pipe, was not obtained. 



2. The longest pipe from Turin, 23f inches, but with only three holes. 

 The scale is 



This forms a Diatessaron, or Fourth, from B-flat to E-flat, therefore one note 

 below our C D E F in pitch. In order to obtain the notes from this pipe, it 

 was found necessary to lower the reed into the pipe, as in the drone of a 

 bagpipe. It extends three inches down the tube. 



3. A pipe in the British Museum, copied in cane. It has four holes, and is 

 8f inches in length. The scale is a Diatessaron, or Fourth, exactly one note 

 above the last, but with an F sharp added to it at the top. Possibly this 

 F sharp may have been intended for a G to make a Fifth ; or as F sharp to 

 lead into the key of G upon a treble pipe. 



4. Also from the British Museum, copied in cane. It has four finger holes, 

 and the entire length is 10 1 inches. This pipe has a hole bored through it 

 near the mouth end. It would have been absolutely impossible to produce 

 sound from the pipe if this hole had been left open. It may therefore be 

 assumed that it was once covered with thin bladder, such as that of a fish. 

 The intention of placing bladder there would have been to give a tremulous- 

 ness to the tone of the pipe so as to assimilate it to the human voice. The 

 old English pipe called the Recorder, referred to by Shakespeare in Hamlet, 

 and in A Midsummer Night's Dream was of the same kind, and differed in 

 no other respect from the English flute, both being blown at the end. It 

 is curious to find that such an appreciation of the difference of tone that might 

 be produced has been anticipated by the ancient Egyptians. A film of gutta 

 percha is now tied over the hole. The scale is 



This is a peculiar scale, a pentaphonic major scale, such as is popularly 

 entitled the Scotch scale. It is suitable for playing tunes upon the black 

 keys of the pianoforte. 



It is remarkable that no one of these pipes gives any indication of* a minor 

 key, and they seem therefore to be older than the introduction of the minor 



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