310 SEC. 10. ELECTRICITY. 



1301. Thermo-electric Pile (Noe's system), heated by a 

 spirit lamp, with 10 smaller elements. Its electro-motive power is 

 equal to 0'5 Bunsen element. P. Dorffel, Berlin. 



Designed specially for medical use, in connexion with a small induction 

 apparatus. Should long action be desired it is well to place the battery with 

 lamp in a vessel with water, to avoid the great heating its small size involves, 

 and to increase the action. 



1294. Thermo-Electric Battery or Clamond Pile. 



Thermo- Electric Company. 



The poles or generators are constructed of zinc and antimony, both being 

 metals bearing great electrical properties. The electricity is given out with- 

 out any intermediate agency, except heat, which is generated as gas ; coke 

 or charcoal is consumed. Economy in maintenance, and cleanliness in ap- 

 plication, gives this arrangement an advantage over other batteries, and the 

 current obtained is constant and free from polarisation or exhaustion. 



1301a. Thermo-Electric Generator (diamond's 

 Patent). Constructed either for electrotyping, plating, gilding, 

 or telegraphy. A pile of 100 bars, with a gas jet burning 4 feet 

 per hour, will deposit an ounce of copper per hour. 



Thermo- Electric Generator Company (Clamond' s Patent). 



The Thermo-Electric Piles or Generators are constructed of elements, one 

 pole of which is tinned iron, the other being an alloy of two parts of antiniony 

 to one of zinc. The iron is cast into the alloy, and thus a perfect connexion 

 is made. The pairs thus formed are then laid side by side, and being cemented 

 together, form a ring or crown (the cement used is a mixture of asbestos and 

 silicate of soda) ; one crown being complete another is laid above it, though 

 insulated from it by the same cement, and so on, giving the pile a cylindrical 

 form. The junctions are heated thus : Up the centre of the pile is placed u 

 perforated earthen tube and gas issuing from a Bunsen's jet burns at the per- 

 forations, heating an iron core red hot, which radiates its heat to the junctions 

 of the pairs, thus the flame never impinges on the metals, and all oxidization, 

 &c. is obviated ; the heated air passes over the top of the iron core, and 

 curling down, escapes by a pipe from the bottom of the pile. The elements 

 of each crown are connected in series, but the terminals of every crown are 

 brought into a wooden support and can be connected at will for high tension 

 or great quantity. As a standard of power the following may be used : 



A 100 bar pile consuming 4 feet of gas per hour has E.M.F. 5 volts., Int. 

 Res. 1 ohm. 



A 240 small tension bar pile, consuming 4 feet of gas per hour has E.M.F. 

 12 volts., Int. Kes. 6 ohm. 



Piles are also made to be heated by coke or charcoal, and a battery having 

 an E.M.F. of 20 volts, and Int. Res. of 4 ohms burns 2 Ibs. of coke per hour. 

 Petroleum is also used for heating the piles. 



1301b. Thermo-Electric Pile of Hydrogenium. 



Prof. Dewar. 



Consists of alternate layers of Palladium and Jlydrogemum ; electro- 

 motive force equal to that of iron and copper. 



1O96. Thermo-electric Diagram for teaching purposes. 

 (Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin,, 1872-3.) Prof. Tait. 



