460 SEC. 12. APPLIED MECHANICS. 



c. TURBINES AND WATERWHEELS. 



1951. Turbine to act as prime mover for physical laboratories. 

 Head of water necessary, 10-20 met. ; measure of water, 1 lit. per 

 sec. ; effective power about 10 meterkilo. 



Prof. Milliner, Aix la Chapelle. 



This turbine, with constant water pressure, the plan of which was made 

 by Prof. Hermann, Aix la Chapelle, is exceedingly steady in its action, and 

 thus is specially suited for apparatus that require a constant velocity of 

 rotation. With the fall of ] 8 metres available in air, and a water supply of 

 about one litre per second, the effect of the machine is equivalent to one 

 man's power. 



1983. Fourneyron Turbine, -J-th scale, by M. Clair. 



Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, Paris. 



1990. Working Model of Whitelaw and Stirrat's Patent 

 Water-Mill Turbine. Glasgoiv Mechanics' Institution. 



The water-mill acts on a principle similar to that of the well-known 

 " Barker's mill," but the arms are bent, and otherwise shaped, so as to allow 

 the water to run from the central opening out to the jet-pipes. 



1991. Working Models of three sets of Waterwheels, viz., 

 undershot wheel, overshot wheel, and breast wheel. 



Glasgow Mechanics' Institution. 



2151. Photograph of a waterwheel with paddles, floating by 

 itself, and capable of being utilised on streams and navigable 

 rivers. Prof. Daniel Colladon, Geneva. 



A wheel on the above system has been at work for the last ten years on 

 the Rhone near Geneva, with satisfactory results. 



I V. H YDEAUL1 C S. 



1994. The First Hydraulic Press ever made. Patented by 

 Joseph Bramah, A.D. 1795, No. 2,045. 



H.M. Commissioners of Patents. 



409a. Professor James Thomson's. V Gauge Notches, 



for measurement of water flowing in rivers or streams, shown 

 together with the ordinary gauge notch of rectangular form. 



Prof. James Thomson. 



The V notch has been devised and brought forward chiefly for use in 

 hydraulic engineering, as being more suitable than the rectangular notch for 

 gauging the greatly varying flows of rivers and streams. If a rectangular 

 notch is made wide enough to allow the water to pass in times of flood, the 

 water flows in it, during long periods of dry weather, too shallow to be well 

 suited for trustworthy measurement ; but in the V notch the width of the 

 flowing water varies proportionally with the depth. In the V notch the flow, 

 while varying in quantity per unit of time, remains similar in its external 

 configuration, and form of stream lines, at and near the notch, and it is only 

 the magnitude of the configuration, and the velocity at homologous points, 



