THE OX AND THE DAIRY. 45 



specified in the printed bills distributed at the door of the 

 amphitheatre when a great bull-fight is about to take place. 



Of the cattle of Hungary, Wallachia, &c., we have already 

 spoken ; they are white, or whitish, with long horns ; and a 

 similar breed prevails in Kussia. From this latter country, 

 tallow and hides are imported into England ; and cattle are 

 reared in vast numbers, but principally in the more southern 

 provinces. In the district adjacent to St. Petersburgh, and 

 even Moscow, few cattle are reared, and the markets are 

 supplied by cattle driven from distant parts. The herdsmen 

 live in a state of barbaric simplicity, and are, in fact, nomadic 

 in their habits. They travel with their herds to St. Peters- 

 burgh, Moscow, and other large towns which depend more on 

 them for a due supply than on the farmers of the adjacent 

 districts. 



In Norway cattle are abundant, but of small size ; and the 

 same observation applies to Iceland, which originally derived 

 its cattle from the former country. The Iceland cattle have 

 much resemblance to those of the Orkney Islands, but are, 

 perhaps, larger. To the natives of Iceland their cattle are of 

 the utmost importance ; and though the management of the 

 stock is conducted on no principles, the breed is not destitute 

 of pretensions to a tolerable form and contour, and might, by 

 judicious management, be greatly improved. Mackenzie, in 

 his Account of Iceland, observes, that " the cattle in point 

 of size and appearance are very like the largest of our High- 

 land sorts, except in one respect, those of Iceland are 

 seldom seen with horns. As in other countries, we meet 

 with finer cattle on some farms than on others ; but," he 

 adds, "from every observation I could make, and information 

 I could obtain, the Iceland farmers know nothing of the art 

 of breeding stock. The bulls are in general ugly, and no use 

 is made of them till after they are five years old. In rearing 

 a bull-calf no more attention is paid to him than others. 

 Taking all circumstances of management together, I had 

 some reason to be surprised to find the cattle, upon the whole, 

 to be so handsome. The cows, in general, yield a consider- 

 able quantity of milk ; many of them ten or twelve quarts a 

 day, and some a good deal more." 



In Sweden the cattle are small, and the pasture-grounds 

 generally indifferent; and, from the nature of the climate, all 

 domestic animals must be kept in stables, or under cover, 

 from four to seven months in the year, and fed on dried 



