THE OX AND THE DAIRY. 199 



when in an unfit state from fat to travel hard or work long. 

 The disease commonly makes its appearance within a day or 

 two from the exciting cause of it, and is characterized by dul- 

 ness, a frequent cough, a drooping of the head, and a heaving 

 of the flanks, to which the animal often turns its head ; the 

 horns, ears, and legs are cold, the pulse is small and quick, 

 but sometimes not quicker than usual. Respiration is evi- 

 dently painful ; this, the frequent act of turning the head to 

 the sides expressively indicates ; but the cough is not so fre- 

 quent as in bronchitis. Frequently the animal grinds the 

 teeth, and utters short groans. The cattle generally stand, 

 sometimes lie down, and this is always the case with calves. 

 The smallness of the pulse, arising from congestion of the 

 cellular tissue of the lungs, should not deter us from bleeding, 

 nor from cautiously repeating the abstraction of blood if neces- 

 sary. In the horse, when labouring under inflammation of 

 the lungs, aperient medicines are dangerous ; but in horned 

 cattle this is not the case, and brisk medicines may be ad- 

 ministered with advantage, assisted by injections. The sides 

 should be blistered or fired by the cautery, and setons of helle- 

 bore inserted into the dewlap. Bran mashes and gruel may 

 be given, and the animal on recovering must be kept low, and 

 only allowed by degrees to return to its ordinary diet. Acute 

 pneumonia sometimes appears as an epidemic, and rapidly 

 passes through its stages, mostly ending fatally. In this 

 disease the symptoms of ordinary pneumonia are all aggra- 

 vated. The muzzle is dry, the mouth is hot, the flanks heave, 

 there is excessive thirst, the coat is rough, the hind limbs are 

 feeble, and the alvine excretions are either hard and black, or 

 liquid, dark, and fetid ; soon the spine exhibits signs of ten- 

 derness, especially over the lumbar region; there is harsh 

 grinding of the teeth, moaning, violent heaving of the flanks, 

 and a convulsive cough ; the eyes are wild, the expression is 

 agitated, the nostrils open and close as if with a spasmodic 

 effort ; sometimes tumours appear on the skin, and occasional 

 shivering is succeeded by violent sweating; alternately the 

 back becomes arched, the belly contracted, the pupils of the 

 eyes dilate, stupor comes on, and the beast falls and dies. After 

 death the lungs are found on examination to be gorged with 

 black blood, often offensive and putrescent ; in some parts they 

 appear hepatized or solidified like liver ; sometimes tubercles 

 filled with purulent matter are present ; the pleura, or invest- 

 ing membrane of the lungs, is thickened ; and the heart and 



