THE OX AND THE DAIRY. 269 



chial tubes are found to be filled with worms, often in incre- 

 dible numbers. In this disease turpentine has peculiar claims 

 upon our notice, as its use has been in many instances 

 attended with the best results. It acts evidently through the 

 medium of the circulation, being directly absorbed into the 

 system ; as it impregnates even the breath, we may easily 

 conceive its effect upon the parasites. 



Calves are subject to inflammation of the lungs ; the treat- 

 ment, modified according to the age and strength of the calf, 

 will be the same as that already described in adult beasts. 

 Calves of six months old require only a fourth of the dose of 

 medicine ordinarily given to cattle ; and one-half is sufficient 

 for calves of twelve months old. 



A disease, termed navel-ill, is apt to appear in young calves 

 between the third and tenth day after birth. Perhaps a little 

 oozing of blood from the umbilical cord at first took place, 

 which was stopped by the application of caustic, or by a liga- 

 ture too near the abdomen, and the result is inflammation. 

 Sometimes, however, this inflammation comes on without any 

 known cause ; the part swells, and perhaps suppurates ; in 

 the latter case, as soon as the abscess points, it must be 

 opened by a lancet. Fomentations, poultices, and medicine, 

 consisting of a few two-ounce doses of castor-oil made into 

 an emulsion with the yolk of an egg, constitute the course of 

 treatment. If, however, great debility, as is often the case, 

 should succeed, stimulants may be given, as a little ale in 

 gruel, or a little port wine with powdered gentian (half a 

 drachm). 



When about a year old calves are very subject to inflam- 

 matory complaints. These may be prevented by a little 

 medicine, and keeping them on a scanty pasture. Quick 

 forcing at this period by luxurious diet is one of the great 

 sources of destruction among young cattle ; it is by degrees 

 only that they should be brought to a rich grazing ground, or 

 to dry and stimulating food. 



With regard to the weaning of calves, different practices 

 prevail in different counties ; it may, however, be laid down 

 as a rule that, when calves, male or female, are designed for 

 rearing, they should not be weaned before six weeks or two 

 months old ; milk is their natural food, and it is incontestable 

 that the longer a calf sucks, the stronger the animal grows 

 up, the better its form and contour, and the more healthy and 

 sound its constitution. If the mother does not yield a suffi- 



