THE OX AND THE DAIRY. 27 1 



tressing to behold the poor animals, bound in this uneasy 

 position, in which they often remain whole days without food 

 or drink, so that when they arrive at the place of sale they 

 are so weak and attenuated, that many of them die ; and all 

 of them require the greatest care and attention before they 

 recover sufficient strength to bear their natural food. If 

 allowed to satisfy their appetite at first, excessive diarrhoea 

 supervenes, and they frequently die. In these cases active 

 astringents are utterly useless they only accelerate the fatal 

 termination. The exhausted calves must be fed upon boiled 

 milk, given by little and little at a time. To the milk thus 

 prepared, arrow-root or fine flour may be added, and occasion- 

 ally an egg well beaten up previously. Gradually the tone of 

 the stomach will be restored, and the animals begin to thrive. 



A writer on the treatment of calves for the butcher, makes 

 the following observations : 



" When the calf begins to thrive on the milk which he 

 sucks, or which is given him warm from the cow, nothing 

 more is necessary than to keep him extremely cletp and dry, 

 to give him plenty of air, but not much light, a*jid never to 

 disturb him between his meals, which are generally twice in 

 the day, at the usual time of milking the cows. When it can 

 be conveniently done, it is better to let them suck three times 

 a day. If one cow does not give sufficient milk to satisfy the 

 calf when he begins to get large, another cow must be at 

 hand. Where a number of calves are fattened at once, and 

 no butter or cheese is made, the number and age of the 

 calves must be regulated by the number of cows and the 

 quantity of milk which they give, so that there shall be milk 

 enough for all. 



" The calf pens should be made like narrow stalls, each 

 for the accommodation of only one calf, just wide enough to 

 allow him to lie down, but not to turn about and lick himself, 

 which, if it become a habit, will much retard his progress in 

 fattening. The bottom of the pen should be paved with 

 brick, and washed clean morning and evening or it should 

 be boarded ; the boards should be six inches from the ground, 

 and have holes bored in them to let the urine drain through. 

 A piece of chalk or powdered limestone is frequently put in a 

 small trough, which the calf licks, and thus corrects the 

 acidity which is apt to be generated in the stomach. 



When the calves are taken out of their stalls to suck the 

 cows, they must not be allowed fr- play instead of sucking. If 



