DEFINITIONS AND TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS. 333 



Bolus. The food before being swallowed by many animals is arranged 

 by the tongue, etc., into a rounded ball, known as a bolus. 



Brewers' grains, on account of the percentage of asparagin they con- 

 tain, give to milk a flavor very like that noticeable after eating asparagus. 



Calcic carbonate is another name for carbonate of lime. 



Calcic phosphate is another name for lime phosphate. 



Calorie. A unit of heat, being the amount necessary to raise the tem- 

 perature of one kilogram of water one degree Centigrade. (Or one pound of 

 water 4 F.) 



Carbohydrates. These include first the so-called nitrogen-free ex- 

 tracts, such as starch, sugar, gum, etc., second the woody portion of plants. 

 The word carbohydrates indicates that these bodies contain, besides carbon, a 

 certain amount of hydrogen and oxygen, in the proportions in which they com- 

 bine in water. The first series are readily digested, the second very much less 

 so. Carbohydrates play a very important role in cattle feeding; when fed they 

 are not stored, but are either burned or converted into fat. As they serve the 

 same purpose they are grouped with it, and hence it is customary to multiply 

 the quantity of fat by 2.25. which is then added to the carbohydrates. When 

 carbohydrates are fed alone, they do not appear to affect the protein consump- 

 tion, consequently their action may be compared with -at as far as their influ- 

 ence on protein is concerned; without food the protein waste is iust the same 

 as it is with carbohydrates. 



Carbon is a non-metal and occurs in various forms, such as diamond, 

 graphite, etc. 



Carbonates. Carbonic acid combines with alkalies to form carbonates. 



Carbonate of lime is a substance formed by the combination of lime 

 with carbonic acid. 



Carbonatation is one of the operations in beet-sugar manufacture; it 

 has for its object the liberating of the sugar from its combination with lime. 

 by the use of carbonic acid, which forms a precipitate of carbonate of lime, 

 subsequently separated by filtration. 



Carbonize. When organic substances are submitted to heat and the 

 volatile substances are driven off, they are carbonized. 



Carbonic acid. When carbon is burned in the air, there is formed 

 carbonic acid. 



Carnivorous. The flesh-eating animals are known as carnivorous. 



Casein is a substance contained in milk; it is not coagulated by boiling, 

 and is separated by precipitation witli acids and by rennet at 40 C. 



Cellular tissue is composed of rounded cells of plants; the tissue itself 

 is an aggregate of cells which are governed by a law of growth. 



Cellulose. Cellulose is made up of 6 parts carbon, 10 parts hydrogen, 

 and o parts oxygen, and has the formula C 6 H 10 O 5 , which makes up the cell 



