340 FEEDING WITH SUGAR BEETS, SUGAE, ETC. 



phoric acid, otherwise tlic bones are weak, and the muscles become flabby. 

 For lambs 2 gr., young swine 3 gr., calves 15 to 18 gr. of lime per diem, and 

 about same quantity of phosphoric acid may be considered good proportions, 

 for the maintenance of the bony tissue. These remarks apply mainly to very 

 young animals; in older cattle, on the other hand, if these salts are not given 

 in suitable amounts, death carries off the animal before the bones have had 

 time to be affected, so that rickets or osteoma must be due to some other 

 cause. Upon general principles it may be said that one need have no appre- 

 hension as regards the percentage of salts, as all well-combined rations contain 

 these, and they are, in most cases, in abundance. Sodic chlorid and lime 

 are the most important to be considered. In feeding beet pulp or beets, the 

 phosphoric acid is generally in greater quantities than lime, and an addition 

 of the latter may be found desirable. 



Corn and cob meal is becoming of late very popular in cattle feed- 

 ing, the corn and the cob being crushed to form the meal. There is a con- 

 siderable amount of this feed sold that is not economical, for the reason that 

 the crushing has not been pushed sufficiently far and there follows consider- 

 able waste when fed. Certain advantages, from a digestive standpoint, are 

 claimed for this combination. 



Corpuscles, as they exist in the blood, are flat discs. They may be 

 red, white or colorless. 



Cotton seed meal. This is a residuum from the manufacture of 

 cotton seed oil, and for over twenty years it has been in very general use in 

 cattle-feeding. Its advantages depend largely upon its protein constituents 

 and the reasonable percentage of fat entering into its composition offers an 

 additional argument in favor of its use. It does not contain carbohydrates 

 (starch, etc.). Under all circumstances when fed, it should be combined with 

 coarser fodders, containing a heavy percentage of carbohydrates. Its main 

 advantage is its cheapness, and in this respect it offers exceptional advantages 

 for making up a ration deficient in protein. \Vhen used with certain discre- 

 tion it will increase the flow of milk, and give special hardness to butter. 

 Four pounds per diem in many cases is not considered an excess. Not more 

 than 2 Ibs. per diem is considered desirable in most cases for 1 ,000 Ibs. live 

 weight. The advantages to be derived from its use are not as great with pigs, 

 sheep and horses, as they are with milch cows. Composition varies from 20 

 to 50 per cent, protein for 8 to 18.5 per cent. oil. In most cases the meals 

 have a yellow hue, and those in which ground hulls are reasonably absent 

 may be considered the most desirable. 



Crude fibre. White crude fibre makes up the walls and cells of plants. 

 It is of a very variable composition; when obtained from hay it may contain 

 45.5 per cent, of carbon, and when from other sources very much more. There 

 are several substances in combination with it; but from a practical standpoint 

 those are overlooked. The percentage of crude fibre varies very considerably, 

 as beet leaves may contain 2 per cent, of this substance, and salt marsh hay 

 over 30 per cent. 



