DEFINITIONS AND TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS. 371 



Scums. During the filtration of carbonated beet juices there remain, 

 upon the filtering cloths deposits called scums, which consist not only of car- 

 bonate of lime, but also of the coagulated albuminoids that rise to the surface 

 of saccharine juices during their heating and carbonation. 



Serum is a fluid, yellow in color, which separates from blood after the 

 fibrin has coagulated. 



Silos. The pit or combination by means of which feeds are kept during 

 the winter months. They may be above or beneath the surface. Beets and 

 residuum cossettes, after being arranged in piles, are covered with earth and 

 straw. 



Sodie elilorid is another name for common table salt; it is also called 

 chlorid of sodium. 



Sour cossettes are those cossettes that have been siloed and have 

 undergone a partial fermentation. Their flavor is very much more acceptable 

 to live stock than is either the fresh or dried residuum. 



Stalks of beet seed. During the second year of the beefs develop- 

 ment, it throws up stalks upon which the seeds are formed; these stalks and 

 old seed are frequently used for feeding purposes. 



Starch. This product is found in considerable quantities in all vege- 

 tables. One of its essential properties is that when brought in contact with 

 iodin, it becomes blue. It may be changed to dextrin by boiling with acids, 

 and when placed in the mouth or in the stomach, it is changed into sugar. It 

 plays a very important role in the non-nitrogenous substances, and is very 

 readily digested. Its general composition is nearly that of cellulose. Starch 

 swells in boiling water. The product exists in plants in the most varied form. 

 AYhen heated it may be changed to dextrin. 



Stimulants. In most cases stimulants are of the first importance in 

 cattle feeding. When mentioning stimulants, we refer to those substances 

 that have for their object the increase of appetite. The importance of salt 

 was for many years doubted, but we believe that it is now accepted by most 

 experts. It stimulates the digestive glands to secrete actively and thereby 

 renders excellent service. Pleasant and comfortable surroundings has in all 

 cases a stimulating effect not to be overlooked, and the same may be said of 

 kind treatment. A farmer who brutalizes his animals is in the long run the 

 loser; the irritating effect produced by his presence has anything but a stimu- 

 lating effect upon the cattle under his care. It frequently happens that the 

 entire nervous system is affected by the regular feeding of stimulants that the 

 animal relishes and looks towards eating at regular hours. IMany products 

 have been recommended and used, but most of them are too expensive to have 

 any practical value. 



Sucrose. Cane sugar is frequently called sucrose; it is made, up of 12 

 parts carbon, 22 parts hydrogen, and 11 parts oxygen, and has for its formula 

 C,.,H.,,O n ; it differs from glucose by only one equivalent of water, water being 

 expressed by H 2 O; that of glucose then is Ci 2 H 24 O 12 . If on the other hand, 



