372 FEEDING WITH SUGAR BEETS, SUGAR, ETC. 



H 2 O is removed from cane sugar, we have starch. These all come under the 

 one general head of carbohydrates. 



Sugars. Fodders contain sugar in various forms. Whether from the 

 sugar cane or the sugar beet, it comes under the caption of cane sugar. In 

 certain cases when milk is used, one has milk sugar, and grape and fruit sugars 

 are also to be considered in certain special feeding experiments. Whatever 

 be the kind or variety of sugar, it always, upon general principles, has an im- 

 portant resemblance to cane sugar. Sugars are soluble in water, hence they 

 possess great facilities for being digested, and consequently assimilated. 



Sugar in most plants diminishes as they approach maturity, while during the 

 first year, at least for sugar beets, the reverse is the case, when the roots have 

 not been properly siloed. The sugar percentage in beets depends upon their 

 variety, method of cultivation, soil and fertilizer when nitric fertilizers are 

 used in excess, the sugar percentage is low. Beets that grow above ground 

 contain less sugar than such as grow well beneath the surface; among them may 

 be mentioned mangels, etc., frequently cultivated for stock feed. Upon gen- 

 eral principles it may be admitted that fodders containing only a small per- 

 centage of sugar are eaten with avidity. It may be admitted that sugar tends 

 to increase the flow of milk, gives strength to the body, and also helps to in- 

 crease the formation of fat. During digestion all sugars are transformed into 

 glucose. 



Wheat bran. This residuum contains very little flour; it renders con- 

 siderable service for mixing with pulp fodders, and is very extensively used 

 for dairying purposes. It contains about 15.5 per cent, nitrogen. 



Wheat middlings are supposed to be the coverings of wheat following 

 the hulls, and include colored flours; in reality there is always considerable 

 flour combined. This is not an advantage in cattle feeding, for various reasons. 



Wheat residuums are numerous: wheat feed, ship stuff, flour feed, 

 wheat shorts. They are frequently combinations of several feeding stuffs, such 

 as oats, corn, etc. Their composition is most variable; it is better to have 

 them analyzed before using. 



Wide ratio means that the ratio existing between the protein and the 

 carbohydrates and ether extract combined is excessive. For oat straw it is 

 1:33, which may be considered as an excellent example of a wide ratio. 



