162 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS. 



covered at base by recumbent bristles ; nostrils at anterior margin of 

 cere ; tarsi covered with dense plumes. 



Asio otus (Strix otus, Ofcus vulgaris), LONG-EARED OWL, III. 89 

 Aluco flammeus (Strix flammea), BARN OWL, I. 137 

 Strix aluco (S. stridula), TAWNY OWL, III. 137 



PASSERES. 



Legs slender, short, with three toes before and one behind, the two 

 external toes united by a very short membrane. 



LANIID^E (SHRIKES). 



Bill short or moderate, strong, compressed, notched at tip, or 

 furnished with a tooth at each side ; primaries mostly ten (tlie first 

 short), in a few nine ; wing-coverts short ; tarsi moderate or short, 

 covered anteriorly with transverse scutes, continuous scute at side. 



Lanius collurio, RED-BACKED SHRIKE, II. 129 



MUSCICAPID^ (FLY-CATCHERS}. 



Bill broad at base, with tip curved, emarginate ; rigid bristles at 

 base of bill; primaries ten, first short; wing-coverts short; tarsi 

 covered anteriorly with transverse scutes, posteriorly and on both 

 sides with a continuous scute. 



Muscicapa atricapilla, PIED FLY-CATCHER, III. 41 



Muscicapa grisola, SPOTTED FLY-CATCHER, IV. 37 



CINCLID^E (DIPPERS}. 



Bill slender, nostrils linear, in lower edge of basal membrane, no 

 bristles or bristly points about the mouth ; body very short and broad ; 

 wings short, rounded, and concave, with ten primaries ; feet as in the 

 Turdidse. 



Cinclus aquaticus, DIPPER, WATER OUZEL, II. 73 



TURDIDsE (THRUSHES). 



Bill emarginate at tip, compressed, in most moderate, in a few 

 longer than head ; primaries ten, first very short ; wing-coverts short ; 

 tail long and broad ; tarsus longer than middle toe, covered on anterior 

 surface above with a continuous horny coat, below with transverse 

 scutes ; outer toe longer than inner, united to middle toe at base, hind 

 toe long and strong. 



