164 FAMILIAR WILD BIRDS. 



CERTHIID^ (CREEPERS). 



Bill slender, much compressed, and curved ; primaries ten, first less 

 than half the second ; tail long, wedge-shaped, feathers stiffened and 

 acute; outer lateral toe much the longest, hind toe exceeding both 

 middle toe and tarsus, which is scutellate in front and very short; 

 outer basal joint of middle toe united to those on each side. 



Certhia familiaris, CREEPER, IV. 81 



PARIDJ2 (TITS}. 



Bill shorter than head, not notched or recurved at tip ; nostrils 

 rounded, basal, concealed by dense bristles or bristly feathers ; tarsus 

 distinctly scutellate in front, longer than middle toe and claw, which 

 are about equal to the hinder, soles of toes widened into a palm; 

 primaries ten, wings rounded, equal to or shorter than the rounded 

 tail ; body compressed, with soft, lax plumage. 



Acredula caudata (Parus caudatus), LONG-TAILED TIT., IV. 137 



Parus ater, COLE TIT, IV. 105 



Parus cccruleus, BLUE TIT, II. 13 



Parus major, GREAT TIT, I. 109 



Parus palustris (P. atricapillus), MARSH TIT, IV. 121 



SITTID^E (NUTHATCHES). 



Closely allied to Paridse, of which this family has the general 

 characters, differing from it in the body being depressed, with compact 

 plumage ; bill equal to or longer than the head ; wings much pointed, 

 much longer than the nearly even tail ; tarsus shorter than middle toe 

 and claw, which are about equal to the hinder ; toes without palms. 



Sitta ccssia (S. europaea), NUTHATCH, I. 101 



MOTACILLIDJE (WAGTAILS}. 



Bill short, rarely moderate, mostly slender, straight or somewhat 

 curved, compressed toward tip, emarginate ; primaries nine ; wing- 

 coverts short; tarsus slender, mostly long, covered anteriorly with 

 distinct transverse scutes, coalescent in some, or with continuous 

 horny scutes ; outer toes conjoined at base alone. 



Anthus obscurus (A. aquaticus, Alauda obscura), EOCK PIPIT, IV. 73 

 Anthus pratensis (Alauda pratensis), MEADOW PIPIT, TITLARK, III. 37 

 Anthus trivialis (A. arboreus, Alauda trivialis), TREE PIPIT, III. 45 

 Motacilla lugubris (M. yarrellii, M. alba), PIED WAGTAIL, II. 37. 

 Motacilla sulphurea (M. boarula), GREY WAGTAIL, IV. 57 



