BIX ACE &. 303 



orthotropous or incompletely anatropous ovules, and by their non- 

 fornicate seeds. 1 They are very nearly allied also to what we 

 consider Turnerece, having the same corolla and mode of placen- 

 tation, and are only separated by the mode of insertion of the 

 corolla. Violacece having regular flowers, among which Tetrathylacium 

 has been placed, and including the very nearly allied genus Leonia, 

 are only distinguished from the Bixacece with oligandrous 

 flowers, by the insertion of the stamens in the perigynous types, or 

 by the arrangement of the pieces of the androceum in the types 

 with hypogynous insertion." The Passifioracece, to which Jtyania 

 has been attached, is distinguished from Bixacece by the presence 

 of the crown of appendages accompanying the perianth, and it is on 

 this account that we have separated from it the Papayece, which 

 have not this character, and which Lindlet has shown to have a 

 great affinity with Pangiece. 



Some C apparidacea analogous to Bixacece are distinctly separated 

 from it by their exalbuminous seeds. We have already remarked 3 

 the affinity of Bixacece with certain groups having usually distinct 

 carpels, and, moreover, very analogous by the rest of their organiza- 

 tion. The species of Oncoba, principally those of the section Mayna, 

 seem to represent the parietal mode of placentation of Magnoliacea, to 

 which they have sometimes been ascribed. Camella, and Erytkros- 

 permum have been placed close beside the Bixacece, or even among them, 

 because this ditferential character in the placentation. no longer 

 exists among them. To distinguish them, they have only the charac- 

 ters drawn from the organization of the perianth and androceum. 

 CocMospermum and Turnerece seem to be forms of the parietal 

 placentation of Wormia and Acrotrema, and by the union of their 

 carpels, to be to the latter what the Cistacece is to Hibbertiece, Mono- 

 dorece to Anonacece, Papaveracece to Ranunculacece, Nymphceece (Water 

 lilies) to NelumbecB and Cabombece, and Berberidopsis to the other 

 Berberidacece. 



The number of useful species 4 is considerable, and their properties 



1 See Adansonia, x. 258. 3 See Hist, des Plantes, i. 123. 



2 " Violariere cset. vald. affin. differ, a Bixi- 4 Endl., Enchirid., 477, 479. — LlKDL., Veg. 

 neis oligandris antheris circa ovar. connivent. Kingd., 328, 331; Fl. Med., 101, 111. — 

 connatisve." (B. H., Gen., 12?,.) Rosenth., Syn. PI. Diapfior., GG2, 11 13. 



