VIOLACEJE. 349 



dozen claviform starainocles, united below into a tube with the 

 fertile stamens. 



Lavradia (figs. 376, 377), all the species of which are American, 

 has five fertile stamens, and around them a sort of disk (staminodes ?) 

 in the form of a cylindrical-conical tube enveloping them completely, 

 the summit being cut into ten small divisions. 



This small family was distinguished under the name of Violacece, 

 in 1805, by De Candolle. 1 Before him Viola had been ranged by 

 Ad anson 2 with Geranium, and with Cistus by De Jussieu. 3 The 

 latter knew the types of the regular or subregular flowers of this 

 family, such as Binorea, Conohoria, Paypayrola ; but he classed the 

 two first among the Berberidece, and the latter in the Genera incertce 

 sedis. In 1824, De Candolle, 4 taking part in the researches of de 

 Gtingins, 5 united in the order Violaeea? the three tribes, Violece, 

 Alsodinece, and Sauvayece, comprising nine genera, which we have 

 preserved as distinct: the first, CorynostyJis (Calyptrion), Noisettia, 

 Schveiyyeria (GlossarrJien), Viola, Hybanthm (Pombalia, Ionidium, and 

 Piyea) ; the second, the Binoreas {Conohoria, Binorea, Ahodeia, Pen- 

 taloba, Ceranthera, Pliysiphora), Lavradia, and Hymenanthera ; the 

 third, the single genus Sauvayesia. Since then the old genera 

 Paypayrola, 1 Amphirrooc? Melieytus? and Leonia, w have been collected 

 in this family. A. Saint-Hilatre established, in 1824, the genus 

 Anchietea : Blume, the genus Schuurmansia, in 1849. Ultimately, the 

 Sauvayesia group was enriched by the type Neckia ; n while Asa 

 Gray, instituting the two genera Ayatea (Ayation) and Isodendrion, 

 in 1S54, made the eighteen which we can preserve in this family. 



They include about two hundred and fifty species, of which about 

 two- fifths belong to the genus Viola, and a third to Hybanthus. The 

 Yiolet series contains besides some ten species, distributed among 

 the five other genera ; and that of the Sauvayesiece about twenty 

 species. The other species, more than sixty in number, belong to 

 the genera with regular or subregular flowers of the Paypayrola 



1 Fl. Fr., xv. 801. Teg. Kingd., 338, Ord. 116. — 'Hole a R. Br., 



2 Hist, des PI., ii. 389. Congo, 440; Ilisc. Works (ed. Bbbw.), i. 122. 



3 Gen. (17.S9), 294. 7 ArBL., Guian. (1775). 



4 Prod,:, i. 287, Ord. 10. s Speeng., SysL, Cur. Post. (1827). 



5 In Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Gen., ii. 1. 9 Foest., Char. Gen. (1770). 



6 Violariece Gixg., loc. cit— B-artl., Ord. 10 R. & Pat., Ft. Per., ii. (1798).— Endl., 

 Nat., 283. — Endl,, Gen., 908, Ord. 190.— Gen., 738 (? Myrsinem). 



B. H., Gen., 114, Ord. 15.— Violacece J., in Ann. " Korth., in Ned. KruidTc. Arch., i. (1839). 

 Mas., xviii. 476. — Lindl., Syn., 35 ; Lit rod., 46 ; 



