492 Cyst-affected Beef and Pork. [part hi. 



I had dined on the previous evening without the slightest suspicion. The beef, it 

 seems, had been obtained at the Dhurumtollah bazaar in the usual way. Being 

 anxious for a fresh supply for the purposes of experiment, a man was forthwith dis- 

 patched to the same butcher, but the answer was, " All sold ! " As the specimen 

 thus obtained presented a highly characteristic appearance, it was photographed (natural 

 size). In this manner a more clear idea of the general aspect of cyst-affected meat, 

 which had undergone the process of cooking, may be obtained than from any verbal 

 descriptions or pencil drawings which I would be able to make. 



The term " measly " usually applied to beef and pork thus affected is probably 

 derived from the speckled appearance of the meat (measle, a spot), when looked at 

 along the course of the muscular fibres. Small greyish-white bladders are seen lying 

 between these fibres, tapering at both ends, not unlike a grain of oats in form and 

 size. When mature, they are usually a little larger than this, the measle of pork 

 being generally somewhat larger than the measle of beef. Otherwise there is no 

 appreciable difference to the naked eye. In photograph No. 1, Plate XXXV, a piece of 

 fresh uncooked meat thus affected is shown, of the size of the original. It may be 

 observed that the long diameter of the cyst corresponds with the course of the fibres. 



These bodies have been for a long time described under the names of "bladder- 

 worms," " cysticerus cellulosse," " telae cellulosse," etc. ; but it is only since a com- 

 paratively recent period that their real nature has been satisfactorily explained. It 

 was long suspected that they were somehow connected with tape-worm, the more 

 general belief being that they were the young of these parasites, not capable of further 

 development, which had found their way into places not adapted to their growth. 

 It is now, however, definitely settled that these bladder-worms form a distinct and 

 necessary stage in the life-history of tape-worms; each variety of the latter having a 

 corresponding bladder-worm variety, which either develops into it, or remains un- 

 developed altogether. The generic connection briefly stated is as follows : — The 

 tape-worm is the sexually mature parasite. It attains this maturity in the intestinal 

 canal of man and of animals. Here also the ova are fecundated, and more or less 

 matured. Every segment of a tape-worm, having its sexual apparatus complete in 

 itself, is capable of producing many thousands of ova, although the largest diameter 

 of the segments of the mature worm found in the human subject, roughly speaking, 

 does not exceed half an inch. These eggs are necessarily therefore very minute; a 

 heap of about five thousand of them would not exceed the size of a small shot. A good 

 idea of their microscopic appearance may be obtained by reference to the accompanying 

 litho-plate from a micro-photograph (No. 3, Plate XXXVI), which shows three of the ova in 

 the midst of some of the calcareous corpuscles found in the tissue of tape-worms.* 



* In connection with the accompanying attempts at the representation of minute structure by microscopic- 

 photography (it is believed, for the first time in India), I desire to acknowledge the great assistance which 

 has been received from Assistant-Surgeon G. E. Dobson, M.B., without whose aid, indeed, it would have been 

 impossible for me to have cairied out the experiments in this direction. 



It i« hoped that more successful representations of microscopic objects will in time be obtained than 



