6i8 Microscopic Organisms in Blood of Man and Animals. [part hi. 



applicable at some period or other of the disease, it is nevertheless not so appropriate 



in the great majority of the cases, and, indeed, in some instances is wholly inappropriate, 



as occasionally no marked traces of red colouring matter can be detected in the urine from 



the beginning to the close of the attack. There is an instance of this kind under my 



observation at present (a European born in the country) suffering from a third attack, 



who has never detected the slightest trace of blood at any time. It is of importance that 



this feature in the character of the disease according to its geographical distribution should 



be borne in mind, as it may hereafter be found that what at present are generally 



considered as merely two phases of one malady may each have a distinctive etiology. 



When in March 1870 * I detected a microscopic nematoid in urine of the latter 



character, I was under the impression that no nematoid of any kind had previously been 



found in any urine which could not be attributed to accidental circumstances. It proved, 



however, that the late Dr. Otto Wucherer had already found a parasite of a like character 



in 1868 in " Hoematuria Braziliensis" and had forwarded specimens to Prof. I.eukart 



for identification. t Dr. Jules Crevaux succeeded in confirming Wucherer's discovery 



by finding (27th July, 1870) similar helminths in the urine of 



a young Creole affected with a like disease.^ It is possible 



that the parasite discovered by Wucherer and described by 



him in December 1868 § may prove to be identical with the 

 Pier. 60. — Trichina cystica : „ . , if • nr ^ -, r^^.^ • i i •! -n i 



Embryo of an oviparous o^e found by myself m March 18/0; m such an event it will be 



nematode^ obtained in necessary to seek for some clue, other than specific differences in 



!!","^,' ^ ".^^ ^^ ^' the helminths, to account for the circumstance that the disease 

 Salisbury 8 figure repre- ^ 



senting it as magnified with which they are associated presents different characters. 



1,000 diameters to = x i^ order to complete the sketch of the history of nematoid 



urinary parasites of this period it will be necessary to refer 

 to two other observations, as it may be of assistance to future writers in deciding (1) 

 as to the number of such helminths that may be found in the urine of man, and (2) 

 whether any of them should be considered as pseudo-parasitic merely. In 1868 Dr. 

 Salisbury published an account of a parasite which he had found associated with ova, in 

 the urine of an insane old lady suffering from severe " cystinic rheumatism," and affected 

 with partial paralysis of the bladder and of other parts of the body. A drop of urine 

 frequently contained 10 to 15 ova. It was not a case either of hsematuria or chyluria, 

 although it is sometimes erroneously stated that she was suffenng from the latter 

 disease. This impression has arisen from the fact of cystinuria having been confounded 

 with chyluria, two totally different disorders. The helminth is described as Trichina 

 cystica (Fig. 60). 



Writing in 1872, Dr. Cobbold, after describing the history of a little girl who had 



• Annv<il Report of the Sanitary Commissioner toith the Government of India, 1870. Britinh Medical 

 Journal, 19th November, 1870, and page 19 of this volume, 

 t Leuckart's " Parasiten," Band ii, p 640. 



J Idem ; and Journal de I'Anatomie et de la Physiologic, t. xi, 1875. 

 § Gazitta da Bahia, December 1868. 



