ANIMALS AND THEIR PRODUCTS. 107 



off with poorer hay in part ; and young stock should 

 have si variety of food. Yery few animals, if kept 

 through the winter on good hay, worth perhaps 10 

 dollars a ton, will pay for the hay which they consume, 

 in tkeir increased value in the spring. 



193. As stock cattle generally rise more or less 

 during the winter, their increased value in the spring 

 must depend partly on their growth and partly on the 

 rise of this kind of property. Thus, if a steer weigh 

 eight cwt. in the fall, and is worth four dollars the 

 cwt. live weight, his full value would be thirty-two 

 dollars. If he weigh nine cwt. the next spring, and 

 be worth five dollars the cwt., his spring value would 

 be forty-five dollars, giving an increase of thirteen 

 dollars. Now, this is a high estimate of increase in 

 value, and yet at this rate the owner would not have 

 realized the value of hay which that steer would have 

 consumed by considerable, provided he had been kept 

 on good hay and nothing else. It may be put down 

 as a settled point, that stock (including oxen not at 

 work, cows not giving milk, steers, heifers, and calves), 

 if kept on hay only"5 do not, as a general thing, 

 pay for their wintering. The average increase in the 

 value of the stock is but about half the estimated 

 value of the hay. This has hitherto been a sad leak 

 in farming. The question is, must it continue ? 



194. A farmer puts up fifty tons of hay ; in the fall 

 it would havG sold for $500 ; his cattle eat it, and are 

 worth $250 more in the spring than the fall before. 

 The manure pays him well for the labor of feeding, 



