156 CIVIC BIOLOGY 



scale insects (oyster-shell scale Mytilaxpis pomorum ; scurfy scale 

 Chionaspis furfurus ; San Jos scale, Chinese pernicious scale Aspidt- 

 otus perniciosus, the worst fruit-tree pest on the American continent; 

 cottony cushion scale Icerya ptirchasi) ; apple-tree enemies (yellow- 

 necked apple-tree caterpillar Datana ministra; red-humped apple-tree 

 caterpillar CEdemasia concinna ; apple sphinx, or hawk moth Sjthhuc 

 gordiuSj apple maggot, " railroad worm" Rhagoletis pomonella'); enemies 

 of small fruits (strawberry crown borer, weevil Tyloderma fragruria : 

 strawberry root borer Anarsia lineatella ; currant borer, American 

 Psenocerus supernotatus ; currant borer, imported JEgeria tipulifonnix ; 

 grapevine root beetle Prionus laticollis ; grape-berry moth Polychrosis 

 botrancij grape, gartered plume moth Oxyptilus periscelidactylus ; rose 

 chafer Macrodactylus sulspinosus) \ plant lice (aphids, grape Phyl- 

 loxera vastatrix; woolly apple louse Schizoneura lanigera: cherry louse 



Myzus cerasf). 



VEGETABLE, GRAIN, AND COTTON PESTS : Colorado potato beetle 

 Doryphora 10-lineata; striped cucumber beetle Diabrotlca vittata; as- 

 paragus beetle Crioceris asparagi ; June beetle (May bug in the South) 



Lacknostema fusca and others; flea beetles Ildlticini; blister or oil 

 beetles Meloidw ; cutworms Noctuida (larvaB of a number of owlet 

 moths or noctuids) ; sphinx moths (tobacco, South Phlegethonthis sextet] 

 tomato Phlegetkontius quinquemaculatcf) ; cabbage worm, imported 

 Pontia rapcK ; cabbage looper Autographer brass icce ; cabbage and rad- 

 ish maggot Pegomyia brassiwe ; onion maggot Phorbia ceparum ; 

 cotton worm Aletia argillacea; boll worm (corn-ear and tomato worm 

 of the North) Heliothis armigera; army worm Leucania unipuncta; 

 Hessian fly Merisus destructor ; corn-root aphis Aphis maidi-radicis \ 

 grain aphis or "green bug " Toxoptem gramineum ; chinch bug Blissus 

 leucopterm ; squash bug A nasa tristis ; grasshoppers (Rocky Mountain 

 locust) Afelanoplus apretus; red-legged locust Melanoplus femur- 

 rubrum 



FOREST AND SHADE-TREE ENEMIES: Gypsy moth Ocnerla dlxpar 

 (one of our most difficult problems) ; brown-tail moth Euproctis chrys- 

 orrhea (a national problem) ; elm-leaf beetle Galerucella luteola ; white- 

 marked tussock moth Notolophus leucostigma; cottony maple scale 

 Pulvinaria innumeralnlis. 



Most of the Hymenoptera are highly beneficial insects, but 

 among them are a few so injurious and troublesome that 

 every member of a community ought to know them. These 



