GERMANY. 93 



representing the supposed cover, with the opening or embra- 

 sure in darker shade, may be used. This familiarizes men 

 with the different kinds of cover used in war and their influ- 

 ence on fire, and shows the importance of watching shots and 

 correcting aim in firing at small objectives. The exercise 

 may be extended when practicable to detachments firing at 

 from 400 to 700 meters at low, wide targets, fixed or disap- 

 pearing. 



The principles of indirect fire, night firing in attack or 

 defense in siege warfare using rests, etc., are also illustrated 

 by appropriate exercises. 



EXAMINATION FIRING. 



Every year examination firing is held in the field. This 

 affords the higher authorities means to observe the training 

 of the men in firing under conditions resembling those of 

 actual war, and the aptitude and efficiency of the officers and 

 instructors. 



The firing is directed by brigade or division commanders, 

 or by the commander in chief, and the exercise, partaking of 

 the nature of an inspection, is prescribed by the inspecting 

 officer. 



A special allowance of ammunition is made for this firing, 



TARGETS FOR FIELD FIRING. 



The authorities responsible for the instruction in firing are 

 also responsible for the adequate use of appropriate targets. 



In addition to the figure target and its varieties used in 

 range practice, other targets are provided to simulate war 

 conditions in the various field-firing exercises. They are 

 constructed of light wood frames covered with cotton cloth, 

 or, in case of figures and silhouettes, of papier-machd, the 

 object being lightness and ease of management. Fixed tar- 

 gets representing men, horses, guns, and caissons of full size 

 have legs to be driven into the ground, or they may be 

 attached by wooden pins to base-pieces permanently placed 

 in position. 



Infantry is represented by figures or silhouettes of men 

 lying down, front and side views, and others showing them 

 advancing, retiring, and walking or running to the right or 

 left. Cavalry is shown by figures of mounted men in motion 

 and at a halt, front, side, and rear views • artillery by varie- 



