GERMANY. 103 



friction tubes, or by electricity. Their arrangement on tlie 

 ground, and the manipulation during the practice, is managed 

 by well-trained noncommissioned officers, and every precau- 

 tion is taken to prevent accidents from their use. 



markers' shelters. 



These, whenever practicable, are to be sunken covers, and 

 so arranged as to preclude injury from shots or the explosion 

 of crackers or bombs, to the men in the pits. With raised 

 shelters every means is to be used to prevent the locations 

 being known, by making them look like the surrounding 

 ground. To avoid unnecessary digging, shelters are definitely 

 located on permanent firing grounds, and when not in use are 

 fenced around to prevent accidents when the ground is used 

 for drill purposes. Each cover is equipped with a contrivance 

 holding two mirrors, which, when adjusted and in position, 

 enables the men in the cover to see the range and observe 

 the difi^erent signals; reserve mirrors are provided to meet 

 accidents. At least one noncommissioned officer and one 

 private are in each shelter, the one to observe the firing party 

 and the signals, and the other to manipulate the targets; 

 additional men may be required, depending on the nature of 

 the practice. If gun crackers or bombs are to be exploded 

 from the cover, a noncommissioned officer is assigned for that 

 duty. 



In the covers are signal flags and material for pasting up 

 targets and shot holes. 



Flags are used for communication between the director and 

 men manipulating the targets. The director whenever prac- 

 ticable occupies a cover overlooking the others, from which 

 signals are given to the men operating the targets. The signals 

 should not be visible to the firing party, nor must flags be 

 waved from any cover that would betray its location. When 

 this can not be avoided, the necessary directions must be given 

 before the firing party comes on the ground. Appropriate 

 signals are arranged to show when firing may commence, or 

 must cease, for signaling hits, etc., by flags and bugle calls, 

 and these signals, as well as those which designate the targets 

 that are to appear or disappear and any special directions for 

 the conduct of the exercises, must be well understood by all 

 concerned in the several operations. 



