EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT. 15 



sideration the white bear, which is circumpolar in its distribution, 

 and is assigned to a separate subgenus, Thalarctos, we can place 

 all the American bears in one of these three groups. 



THE BLACK BEAR GROUP. 



Judging from the degree of type divergence and from distri- 

 bution, the first of these bears to arrive in North America was the 

 black bear group, U. americanus. Its variation from the true 

 Ursus is of sub-generic value, and the members of the group are 

 assigned to the subgenus Euarctos. This group we find distrib- 

 uted throughout the length and breadth of North America to the 

 limit of tree growth in the North and West, with a subspecies, U. 

 sornborgeri, in Labrador, and species in Florida, U. fioridanus, 

 in Louisiana, U. luteolus, a recently described bear of large size 

 from Queen Charlotte Island, U. carlottae, and most distinct of 

 all, the blue or glacier bear, U. emmonsi, with a limited distribu- 

 tion in Alaska, in the district of the St. Elias Alps, and east- 

 ward among the rugged coast ranges as far as Juneau. 



In South America a closely related form, the spectacled bear, 

 U. ornatus, has followed the Peruvian Andes south of the Equa- 

 tor. It is sometimes assigned to a subgenus, Termarctos, but is 

 very closely related to the typical black bear, U. americanus. 



As the black bear only extends into Mexico there is a long 

 break in the distribution of the genus, where bears have appar- 

 ently died out. So that we need not be surprised to find that this 

 isolated South American form is somewhat aberrant. This bear 

 is, furthermore, the sole representative of the family in the 

 southern hemisphere. 



It is quite evident from the distribution of the group that its 

 residence in America is of considerable antiquity. 



THE GRIZZLY GROUP. 



All these black bears differ from the European bears more 

 than do the grizzlies. From this fact and from the distribution 

 of the grizzlies along the range of the Rockies, we can safely be- 

 lieve that they are later arrivals from Eurasia than are the black 

 bears. 



The grizzlies have not evolved any well-marked species except 

 perhaps the Barren Ground grizzly of the far North, U. richard- 

 soni, about which very little is known. 



