Liberal Thought in America 137 



Pennsylvania, with Delaware. In New Nether- 

 land the Dutch simply maintained their tradi- 

 tional secularized policy. On the hospitable island 

 of Manhattan all the varieties of European reli- 

 gion met on terms of equality, Lutherans and 

 Catholics, Quakers l and Puritans, Moravians and 

 Jews. After the English conquest this liberal pol- 

 icy was continued by the bigoted Duke of York, 

 for reasons similar to those which made toleration 

 a necessity in the province of the liberal and saga- 

 cious Calverts. The Catholic proprietors of Mary- 

 land wished to make their province a desirable 

 home for Catholics who were inclined to leave 

 England, and the only possible way of accomplish- 

 ing this, without interference from the British 

 government, was to pursue a policy broad enough 

 to include Catholics along with all other kinds of 

 Christians in its benefits. A similar necessity con- 

 fronted Charles II. and James II. In order to 

 secure as much protection as possible for Catholics 

 without interference from Parliament, it was neces- 

 sary to pursue a policy broad enough to include 

 Quakers along with Catholics. For such reasons 

 James refrained from disturbing the liberal Dutch 



1 Stuyvesant's brief persecution of Quakers, for -which he was 

 sternly rebuked by the home government, constitutes an excep- 

 tion to the rule. See my Dutch and Quaker Colonies, i. 232-237. 



