138 A Century of Science 



policy in New York. For such reasons both 

 Stuart kings supported the schemes of William 

 Penn, in whose proprietary colonies of Pennsyl- 

 vania and Delaware the principles of toleration 

 were carried out, on the whole, more completely 

 than anywhere else in English-speaking America. 

 It is interesting in this connection to observe that 

 the mother of William Penn was a Dutch lady, 

 though perhaps it is possible to make too much 

 of such a fact. The Quakers, who formed the 

 strength of the colony, represented a phase of 

 Puritanism more liberal than Independency. As 

 contrasted with Independency, Quakerism was a 

 notable advance in the direction of Individualism ; 

 it had outgrown the set of notions according to 

 which a civic community ought to consist of a 

 united body of believers. Pennsylvania, therefore, 

 and its appendage Delaware, profited by the late 

 date at which they were founded ; they represented 

 a more advanced stage of opinion than the colonies 

 which started in the time of James I. Their pro- 

 prietary government remained undisturbed until 

 the Declaration of Independence, and in 1776 

 these two states were the only ones in which all 

 Christians, whether Protestant or Catholic, stood 

 socially and politically on an equal footing. For 

 after the accession of William and Mary had made 



