144 A Century of Science 



survey is far from telling us the whole story. A 

 further inquiry into causal agencies is needed, and 

 the best field for it is furnished by that theocratic 

 Puritanism which cast out Koger Williams, the 

 Puritanism of the four confederated New England 

 colonies, and especially of Massachusetts. No one 

 can deny that in Massachusetts, during the nine- 

 teenth century, liberal thought has advanced further 

 and has permeated the community more thoroughly 

 than in any other state of the American Union. 

 For at least three generations the intellectual fer- 

 ment upon which liberal thought in the United 

 States has thriven has come chiefly from Massa- 

 chusetts. Yet among our colonies which attained 

 social maturity during the seventeenth century 

 there was none which made such emphatic exhibi- 

 tions of intolerance and bigotry as Massachusetts. 

 She was as clearly and avowedly founded upon an 

 illiberal principle as Rhode Island was founded 

 upon a principle of liberality. The Endicott type 

 of mind is the very antipodes of the Roger Wil- 

 liams type ; yet it was in the land of Endicott, and 

 in a congenial soil, that Theodore Parker lately 

 flourished. Whence came so great a change ? 

 The answer will remind us that there are two 

 sources from which liberal thought is nourished. 

 The one is the secularized Gallio spirit that deems 



