THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN 209 



change as great as we now experience in passing 

 from the south of England to the North Cape " 

 (G., p. 252). In England the ice-sheet extended 

 as far south as the Valley of the Thames. 



Second Inter-Glacial Period. Tyrolian (G.) ; 



Mindel-Riss (P.). 



During the recession of the ice at the end of 

 the Saxonian period tundra conditions obtained, 

 and the reindeer, mammoth, musk-ox, and woolly 

 rhinoceros were prominent amongst the fauna. 

 In the inter-glacial period which followed the 

 climate was milder than at present, and the snow- 

 fields and glaciers of the Alps were much less 

 extensive than they are now. There were land- 

 bridges connecting Britain with the Continent 

 and Europe with Africa ; " hippotamus, ele- 

 phants, rhinoceroses, cervine and bovine animals, 

 and many carnivores ranged over the major 

 portions of Europe " (G., p. 254). The Victoria 

 Cave at Settle is one of the many and perhaps the 

 most prominent instance of a place containing 

 relics of this period, for there " remains of the 

 southern and temperate mammals occur, as 

 hippotamus, rhinoceros (not the woolly rhin- 

 oceros), straight-tusked elephant, bison, red deer, 

 hyaena, etc." (ib. 9 ib.) Geikie associates this epoch 

 with the Chellean zone of civilisation, whose 

 " rudely fashioned stone implements seldom occur 

 in caves, but are often met with in the older 

 Pleistocene river-drifts. From this it has been 

 inferred that Chellean man probably lived in the 

 open, for the climate was clement and equable, 



