TOTEMISM AND EXOGAMY 229 



Thus he will perform ceremonies in order that 

 the totem animal or plant may be miraculously 

 multiplied, and thus an abundant supply of food 

 be provided for those members of his tribe, though 

 not of his clan of that tribe, who, owning another 

 totem, may partake of his totem animal ; and in 

 the expectation that they, in their turn, will pay 

 him the compliment of multiplying their totem 

 animal for his benefit. It is quite obvious that, 

 with the multiplicity of totem animals and plants, 

 if the owner of a totem was called upon to defend 

 it against the hunger of all other persons as well 

 as to refrain from it himself, existence would be- 

 come unbearable or impossible. So he does not 

 object to his fellow feeding on the totem which 

 he himself must avoid. Thus we get the intichiuma 

 ceremonies of the Central Australians, where the 

 native identifies himself, as far as possible, with his 

 totem in order to attain the object in view. " If 

 he desires to multiply grubs, he pretends to be a 

 grub himself, emerging from the chrysalis state ; 

 if his wish is to ensure a plentiful supply of emus, 

 he dresses himself up as an emu, and mimics the 

 bird, for by thus converting himself into a grub, 

 or an emu, he thinks he can move the other grubs 

 or emus to comply with his wishes " (i, 119). But 

 from this it must not be supposed that totemism 

 is a religion or that totem is a god. Some have held 

 the opposite view, and amongst them was Pro- 

 fessor Frazer in earlier days, but he now makes it 

 clear that he considers these views to be erroneous 

 and that it is wholly improper to speak of true 

 totemism as a religion (iv., 5). 



