TOTEMISM AND EXOGAMY 235 



with the ideas prevalent amongst totemistic 

 peoples in other parts of the world. 



(iv) Dr. Haddon's view, that totems were origin- 

 ally the animals or plants on which local groups 

 of people chiefly subsisted, and after which they 

 were named by their neighbours. This theory seems 

 to be based on too slender a basis of custom. 



(v) Professor Frazer's first theory, that the totem 

 was associated with the idea of what is known to 

 folk-lorists as " the external soul." According to 

 this belief, embodied in many so-called nursery 

 tales, if a man can hide away his soul somewhere, 

 say, in a fish in the deep sea, he cannot be killed 

 unless that fish is killed. 



(vi) The same writer's second theory, founded 

 on the intichiuma customs of which we have 

 already spoken, that totemism originated as a 

 system of magic, designed to supply a community 

 with the necessaries of life, especially with food 

 and drink (iv., 55). As these views have been 

 abandoned by their parent we need not delay 

 over them, but may pass to 



(vii) His third and present theory, based prac- 

 tically on the evidence of one tribe* the Aruntas 

 of Central Australia, and underlain by the fact 

 that these people, like some other savage races, 

 are wholly ignorant of the facts of generation and 

 believe that conception occurs at the moment 

 that the female first physically recognizes the fact 

 that she is to become a mother. Then she supposes 

 that a spirit child has taken possession of her, and 

 from the spot where this occurrence is supposed 

 to have taken place she comes to a conclusion as 



