CASTANUACEJE. 



kins terminated by a flower or by a small number of abortive 

 flowers, spring from the axils of the superior leaves or terminal buds. 

 In this genus, for more than an age, a number of species have been 

 described, doubtless too large, viz.,^ more than four hundred;^ it may 

 be reduced by about one-third. 



The Oaks can scarcely be distinguished generically from the Chest- 

 nuts^ (fig. 189-198), trees of the same countries, the monoecious 

 flowers of which are collected in slender and elongate catkins. The 

 catkins which spring from the axils of the lower leaves are composed 



1 M. A. Candolle divides it into six sections : 

 1. Lepidohalamis (Endl. Gen. Suppl. iv. p. ii. 

 24 ; — Robur, Cerroides^ Erythrohalanos, GalUfera, 

 Suber, Coccifera Spach, Suit, a Buffon^ xi. 148 ; 

 Bscuhis, Ilex J. Gay). Cupula open, superior, 

 covered with imbricate scales. Male flowers 

 without rudimentary gymecium, with hairs in- 

 ternally. Catkins slender. Male calyx often ir- 

 regular. — 2. Androgyne (A. DC. Not. Nouv. Car. 

 9; Prodr. 81; — Lepidobalanus Endl. (part.). 

 Cupule and male fl. as in preced. sect. Gynse- 

 cium rud. 0. Divisions of style (3-6) linear, 

 divergent. — Female flower spikes axillary basi- 

 lar, with caducous male flowers at top. Matu- 

 ration biennial {Q. dtnsijlora Hook, and Arn.). — 

 3. Pasania (MiQ. FL Lid.-Bat. i. 480; Ann. llus. 

 Lngd.-Bat. 1. 108 ; A. DC. Not. Nouv. Car. 4 ; 

 — Lcpidolalanus Endl. (part.) ; — Benth. Fl. 

 Hongk. 320). Cupule as in preced. sect. Gynaj- 

 cium rud. globular in male flower. Male calyx 

 regular. Andrcecium diplostemonous. Catkins 

 erect ; three bracts under flower or glomerules. 

 — 4. Cyclobalanus (Endl. loc. cit. ; — Gyrolecana 

 Bl. Mus. Lvgd.-Bat. i. 299. Cupule open super., 

 covered externally with circular wrinkles, con- 

 centric or subspiral, or with folds entire or den- 

 tilate. Gynsecium rud. inmalefl.— 5. Chlamy- 

 dobalanm (Endl. Gen. Suppl. iv. p. ii. 28; — 

 Castaneopsis Bl Mas. Lugd.-Bat. i. 228 (not 

 Don); — Enclei-wcarpon Miq.). Cupule enve- 

 loping all the glands, often unequally divided, 

 covered with salient verticillate and concentric 

 folds. Gynsecium rud. in diplostemonous male 

 fl. Spikes unisexual or androgynous with female 

 flower inferior. — 6. Lithocarpus (Bl. Bij'dr. 526 ; 

 Fl. Jav. Cupul. 34, t. 20; — Mm. Ann. Mus. 

 Lugd.-Bat. i. 106, 108;— A. DC. Prodr. 104, 

 sect. 6. Cupule thick coriaceous with external 

 oblique not numerous wrinkles or folds, infe- 

 riorly united within to the gland, which, to a 

 smaller extent, is free above. Fruit osseous. 

 Male flower and inflorescence, as in sects. 4 

 and 5. 



2 L. Spec. 1412.— Tiiuxu. Fl. Jap. 175.— 



Walt. Fl. Carol. 234.— W. in Act. Berol. iii. 

 396. — Ait. Rort. Kciv. iii. 356. — Secondat, 

 MtiH. Hist. Nat. CUn. (1785).— Michx. Hist. 

 Nat. Chen. Amer. (1801). — Michx. f. Arbr. 

 Amer. ii. — Bosc. Journ. Hist. Nat. ii. 319. — 

 Ten. Cat. Hort. Nap. 1819), 65.— H. B. Plant. 

 JLquin. 24, t. 75-96.— Bl. Bijdr. 618 ; Fl. Jav. 

 fasc. 13, 14 {Cupulif.),t. 1.-19,20 {Lithocarpus); 

 Mus. Lugd.-Bat i. 296.— Don. Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 

 57.—Uo^B.Hort. Beng. 113 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 634. — 

 LouK. Fl. Cochinch. (ed. 1790), 571.— -Sm. Recs 

 Cyclop, n. 20, 23.— Hook. Fl. Bor.-Amer. ii. 159 ; 

 Icon. t.380, 403.— Guss. Fl. Sic. ii. 604.— Brend. 

 Trees of Illin. 20. — Liebm. Egesl. 12. — Bonplan- 

 dia, iii. 38, 52. — Mart, et Gal. Bull. Brux. x. 

 n. 3. — Cham, et Schltl, L'.nnma (1830), 78. — 

 Benth. Pi. Hartweg. 55, 90, 348 ; Fl. Hongk. 

 321— Hook, and Arn. Beech. Vog. Bot. 394. — 

 Wangenh. Amer. 78. — Torr. Sitgrave. Exp. 

 Zuni, 173, t. 19.— A. Gray, Bot. Mem. 406; 

 Man. ed. 5, 450.— Chapm. Fl. S. Unit. St. 420.— 

 A. Rich. Fl. Cub. t. 73. — Nees, Koan. et Sims 

 Ann. Bot.\\. 100. — Kellog, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 

 36.— C. Gay, Fl. Chil. v. 396.— Seem. Voy. He- 

 rald. Bot. 251, 333.— Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. 

 Bot. 208.— MiQ. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. i. 844.— 

 Hance, Hook. Journ. (1849), 176 ; Ann. Sc. Nat. 

 ser. 4, xviii. 229. — Bge, Enum. 61. — Jaub. et 

 Spach, III. PI. Or. i. 108, t. 54-58.— Fisch. et 

 Mey. Hohen. Emim. Talysch. 29. — C. A. Mey. 

 Verz. Pfl. Cauc. 44. — Kotschy, Etch. Europ. 

 und Or. (1858-62).— Stev. Verz. Taur. Halb. 

 307. — C.Koch, Linn tea, nxii. 319, 328. — Lindl. 

 Paxt. Fl. Gard. i. 59, t. 37.— Pcech, Enum. PL 

 Cypr. 12. — Webb, It. Hisp. 10. — Santi, Viag. 

 Tosc. i. 156, t. 3. — Carruth. Journ. Linn. Soc. 

 vi. 32. — Gren. et Godr. FL deFr. iii. 115. 



3 Castanea T. Inst. 584, t. 352.— G^rtn. 

 Fruct. i. 181, t. 37.— Lamk. Diet. i. 708; Suppl. 

 ii. 203 ; IlL t. 782, fig. 1.— Turp. Bid. Sc. Nat. 

 Atl. t. 304, 305. — Nees, Gen. ii. 25. — Spach, 

 Suit, a Buffon, xi, 186.— Endl. Gen. n. 1848 ; 

 Suppl. iv. p. ii. 29.— A. DC Prodr. xvi, sect. ii. 

 113. 



