CASTANEAOE^.. 



253 



bear on tlieir different organs — buds, leaves, and fruit — galls pro- 

 duced in a similar manner, but very different in form, colour, and 

 consistence ; and generally very inferior in quality to tliose first 

 mentioned.^ All serve equally for the production of tannin, and the 

 preparation of numerous medicaments, ink, dyes, &c. The species 

 used for dyeing and dressing skins, all rich in tannin, are also very 

 numerous in both worlds. The most celebrated are the Yellow Oak ^ 

 of l^orth America, the Eed,^ White,* Cinder,^ and Bi-coloured ^ Oaks 

 of the same country ; in France, the Burgundy Oak ; ^ in the Levant, 

 the Yelane Oak ; ^ not to mention all the species of secondary interest 

 possessing the same properties, and of which industry employs 

 either the wood, or the bark, or the acorns.^ The Chestnuts, so 

 little distinct generically from the Oaks, have also their astringent 

 properties. In our common Chestnut^® (fig. 189-198), as well as in 

 that of America, which has always been considered a different species, 

 and named Gastanea pumila,^^ the liber has been employed as an 

 anti-dysenteric ; the involucre of the fruit as a dye : the bark is 



^ Especially mentioned are the galls produced 

 by Q. Cerris L. humilis Lamk. JEgilops L. tauri- 

 cola KoTSCH. Vallonia Kotsch. Q. ^gilops and 

 coccifera furnish also a sweet substance called 

 Oak manna. 



2 Q. coccinea Wangenh. Anpfl. Nordam. HoJz. 

 (1777), 44, fig. 9.— MicHX. Ch^n. t. 31, 32.— 

 MicHx. F. Arbr. Amer. ii. 116, t. 23.— A. DC. 

 Frodr. n. 119.— Q. rubra L. Spec. 1413.— Q. 

 tinctoria MiCHX. Chen. t. 24, 25. — MicHX. f. loc. 

 cit. t. 22.— Hayne, Arzri. Qew. 12, t, 46.— Q. 

 velutir/a Lamk. Diet. ii. 721. — Q. discolor W. 

 Spec. iv. 444 ? 



* Q. rubra L. Spec. 1413 (part.). — Wangenh. 

 loc. cit. t. 7. — MiCHX. op. cit. t. 35, 36. — A. DC. 

 Frodr. n. 116. 



•* Q. alba L. Spec. 1414. — Michx. op. cit. ii. 

 13. t. 1.— Emers. Tr. Massach. 127, t. 1.— A. 

 DC. Prodr. n. 26. 



* Q. cinerea Michx. Chen. t. 14. — A. DC. 

 Frodr. n. 145. 



6 Q. bicolor W. Nov. Act. Berol. iii. 396, Spec. 

 iv. 440.— Emers. op. cit. 135, t. 4. — A. DC. Prodr. 

 n. 23. — Q. Micbauzii'NvTT. Gen. Amer. ii. 215. 



' Q. Cerris L. Spec. 1415. — Hayne, Arzn. 

 Gew. xii. t. 48. — Gren. et Godr. Fl. de Fr. iii. 

 118.— A. DC. Prodr. n. 79 {Foucier, Gland 

 chdtin). 



® Q. JEgilops L. Spec. 1414 (not Scop.).— 

 TcHiHATCH. As. Min. t. 41. — Q. Valani Oliv, 

 {VelanMe^ Velanida, Avelanedc.) 



^ For example Q. monfana W. {Prinos monti- 

 cola Michx.), oliviformis Michx. lyrata Walt. 

 Primis L. Esculus L. Gastanea W. falcata Michx. 

 virens Ait. macrocarpa Michx. lobata Nee, fal- 

 cata Michx. Catesbcei Michx. palustris Du Roi, 

 aquatica Walt, and other interesting species 

 from North America, the greater part intro- 

 duced to European culture, where they excite 

 to a high degree the interest of botanists ; in 

 the old world, Q. Farnetto Ten. humilis Lamk. 

 alnifolia Poech, macrolepis Kotsch. Q. pseudo' 

 suber^AST. (Q.castanecefolia Cos9.),wh.ichis also 

 said to yield cork, Q. Libani Oliv. castanecefoUa 

 C. A. Mey. incana Eoxr. &c. (See Kotsch. 

 Eich. Fur. und Or. 1858-62.— Rosenth. op. cit. 

 184-188.) 



10 C. vulgaris Lamk. Bid. i. 708 (1783).— A. 

 DC. Frodr. 114.— C. saiiva Mill. Dict.—C, 

 vesca Gjektn. Fruct. t. 3. — Reichb. Fc. Fl. Germ. 

 t. 640.— TuRP. Diet. Sc. Nat. Atl. t. 304, 305.— 

 Mer. et Del. Bid. Mat. Med. ii. 133. — Guib. 

 op. cit. ii. 284. — Rosenth. o^. cit. 188 — G. 

 japonica Bl. — C. Bicngeana Bl. — C. vesca ameri- 

 cana Michx. Arbr. ii. 5Q, t. Q.—C. americana 

 Rafin. N. Sylv. S2.—Fagus Gastanea L. Spec. 

 416.— Thunb. Fl. Jap. 195. 



11 Mill. Bid. n. 2.— Wangenh. Nordam. 

 Eolz. t. 47.— Michx. Arbr. ii. 166, t. l.—Q. 

 alnifolia Ntjtt.— G. nana Muehlb. Cat. 86. — 

 Ell. Sketch, ii 614.- Fagus pumila L. Spec. 

 141 G iClhincapin) . 



