DIFSACACE^.. 527 



around the hollows in which the flowers are lodged ; they are also 

 surmounted by the spines consisting of the hardened and accrescent 

 lobes of the calyx. These two genera inhabit the same regions as 

 B 002ns ; some of the species extend to the eastern coast of tropical 

 Brazil. 



We know that the Dipsacece were placed by A.-L. de Jussieu ^ in 

 the same family as the Valerians. Vaillant ^ had, so to speak, 

 established the group of Dipsacece as far back as 1722, but not pre- 

 cisely enough. Adanson presented a sketch of it in 1763 under the 

 title of Scahiense^ {Scabiosce). In 1823, Coultier published his 

 Memoir on the Dipsacece,'^ which comprises all the genera now admitted 

 except Triplostegia which De Candolle ^ made known only in 1832, 

 and which he placed among the Valerianacece. In 1873, Messrs. 

 Bentham and Hooker ® retained only five genera of Dipsacece : Tri- 

 plostegia, Morina, Dipsacus, Cephalaria and Scahiosa. The last two we 

 have ranged in a single generic group, and we thus constitute, in the 

 family of Dipsacacece, a first series (Dipsacece), characterized by the 

 imbricate prefloration of the corolla,^ the independence of the anthers, 

 the presence of floral involucels ^ and the opposition of the leaves. 



The Boopiclem w^ere considered by H. Cassini,^ in 1816, as forming 

 a distinct family, and it was not till the following year that K. Brown 

 published the work in which he gave them the name of Galycercce^^ 

 Kuiz and Pavon had placed the first Calycera known among the 

 Dipsacece, under the name of Scahiosa}^ L.-C. Kichard,^^ in 1820, 

 published the most complete work on this group ; he therein com- 



^ Gen. (1789) 194, Ord. 1. more judicious, has understood that theinvolu- 



2 Ex CouLT. Mem. sur les Bipsacees. eel " is not necessarily monophyUous," and has 



3 Finn, des Plant, ii. 148, Fam. 20. seen that it sometimes encloses more than one 



4 Mem. Acad. Gendve, ii. flower. We have then a small floral gioup of 



5 The family of the Dipsace<^ [Prodr. iv. 643, the category of axillary cymes corresponding to 

 Ord. C) is divided into two tribes : 1, Morintce ; the partial glomerule of the Boopidece. (See 

 2, ScabiosecB, This subdivision is retained by JBuli. Soc. linn. Par. 226.) 



Endlicher (Gen. 353, Ord. 119) but not by ^ Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc. (26 August, 1816) ; 



LixDLEY {Veg. Eingd. 699, Ord. 271), who DjVjJ. v. 26, Suppl. i. 32. 



diHo^i^ ih-Q naxae oi Lipsacacea. ^^ Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 132; Misc. IForks 



6 Gen. ii. 157, 1230, Ord. 86. (ed. Benn.), ii. 307. 



7 On its development see Bahneoud, Ann. Sc. '^ Fl. Per. i. 49, t. 76 (1798). 



J\Mt. ser. 3, vi. 288. ^^ Memoire sur une Famille de Plantes dites Ics 



* M. DucHARTKE has studied the development Calgcerees (Mem. Mus. \i. 2S). De Candolle 



of that of Dipsacus, in a work {Ann. Sc. Nat. (Prodr. v. 1) and Endltcher (Gen. 503) have 



ser. 2, xvi. 221) in which the most serious errors retained the name of Calycerece, and Lindley 



of observation abound and the conclusions of (Veg. Kingdom, 70) established that of Calyce- 



which are incomprehensible. Coulter, much racecc. 



