Species of Penguins 97 



of Tristan da Cunha in the Atlantic or Amsterdam Island in the Indian Ocean, 

 although they are common about New Zealand and the west shore of Australia, 

 one species occasionally reaching as far north in the Pacific as the Galapagos 

 Islands and another in the South Atlantic to the coasts of South and Southwest 

 Africa. The causes governing their distribution within this area are not well 

 understood, but apparently it does not depend wholly upon temperature, for at 

 the most northern point reached by them the temperature of the sea is about 

 62, and from this point they extend their range to water but little above the 

 freezing point. They exhibit none of the tendencies to perform regular migra- 

 tions, although they seem well enough fitted to undertake such journeys, and their 

 distribution probably depends upon the food supply. The naturalists of the 

 Challenger expedition did not observe them at any greater distance from land or 

 ice than forty or fifty miles. 



The six genera into which the Penguins are divided may be separated into 

 two groups. In the first, which embraces only the genus Aptenodytes, both 

 mandibles are long, relatively slender, and slightly curved downward at the tip, 

 while in the second group the bill is of moderate length, and never has the 

 lower mandible curved downward. To Aptenodytes belong the two largest 

 species, the Emperor (A.forsteri) and the King Penguins (A. pennanti) respec- 

 tively. The Emperor Penguin is bluish above and white below, with the top 

 of the head, cheeks, chin, and throat deep black, while there is a large semi- 

 circular patch of orange-yellow on each side of the head. The total length is 

 about forty-eight inches and the distance between the tips of the flippers thirty- 

 six and one half inches. They frequent the shores of the Antarctic continent. 

 The King Penguin is much smaller, being only about twenty-six inches long and 

 is similar in coloration to the other, except that the bluish gray of the upper parts 

 inclines to pearl -gray on the back of the neck and shoulders, and the orange 

 patches on the sides of the head continue as narrow bands down each side of 

 the throat, and unite at the base of the fore neck, broaden into deep orange 

 patches, which shade into yellow and disappear on the white breast and under 

 parts. This species is found about the Straits of Magellan, Falkland, Marion, 

 Kerguelen, Macquarie, and Stewart islands. 



Somewhat closely allied to the above are the three species of Pygoscelis, of 

 which perhaps the best known is the so-called "Johnny" (P. papua) of Kergue- 

 len and the Falklands. About thirty inches in length, it has the upper parts 

 slate-gray and the chest and under parts pure white, and with a broad white 

 band across the crown between the eyes. Kidder found them nesting exten- 

 sively on Kerguelen Island. When undisturbed the nesting sites were near the 

 sea, but in other instances they were half a mile or more inland, and numerous 

 very distinct paths have been worn by the successive generations, until in some 

 cases they are as much as four feet in depth. As a rule two young were found 

 to each old bird, and, he adds: "Singularly enough, one of these was always 

 well grown, apparently from one to two months old, while the other had just 

 been hatched or was still in the egg. It must, consequently, be the practice of 

 these birds to rear two broods in a season, keeping both in the nest at the same 



