FLEMISH MANURE. 293 



its effect upon vegetation is of longer continuance ; but when it is 

 derived entirely from urine, it acts almost immediately after its 

 application. In either case, the effect of Flemish manure does not 

 extend beyond the season ; like all the other organic substances which 

 have undergone complete putrid fermentation, it is a true annual 

 manure. 



Occasionally, a quantity of powdered oil-cake is thrown into the 

 reservoir. This is either when the manure is supposed to be too 

 dilute, or when there is little night-soil at command. The following, 

 according to Professor Kuhlmann, is an example of the employment 

 of the Flemish manure in a rotation which is common in the neigh- 

 borhood of Lisle, and in the course of which the crops are colza or 

 colewort, wheat and oats. 



First year. In October or November, the land is manured with 

 farm-dung, which is ploughed in, in the usual way. At this time 

 a dose of the liquid manure, amounting to about 5000 gallons per 

 acre, is applied : a second ploughing is given, and the colewort is 

 planted. 



Second year. The colza is gathered, the ground is ploughed for 

 autumn sowing ; from 1000 to 1300 gallons or so of liquid manure 

 are distributed, and the wheat is sown. 



Third year. The wheat stubble is ploughed down at the end of 

 the autumn, and about 1000 or 1100 gallons of the liquid manure 

 per acre are distributed ; the oats are sown in the spring. If cir- 

 cumstances should prevent the application of the liquid manure in 

 autumn, it is laid on in March, and then it has been found that one-fifth 

 iCss will suffice ; but its application at this season is avoided as much 

 as possible on account of the havoc that is made by the passage of 

 horses, carts, and men over the surface of the soft ploughed land. It 

 is with a view to avoid this disturbance of the surface that in many 

 places oil-cake in powder is applied to the fields under colza 

 when the manuring has to be performed after the crop is in the 

 ground. 



For beet, the dose of Flemish manure is carried the length of from 

 1300 to 1400 gallons per acre ; but when the root is intended for the 

 manufacture of sugar, liquid manure is sedulously avoided, experience 

 having shown that it has the very worst effect upon the production 

 of sugar, a circumstance which is very easily explained upon ground? 

 that have already been given. 



The price of Flemish manure at Lisle is 2^c?. for a measure con- 

 taining 22 gallons. In Flanders, it is held that this quantity, which 

 will weigh hard upon 2 cwt., is equal to about 5 cwt. of farm-yard 

 dung. The liquid manure which I analyzed yielded 2 per 1000 of 

 azote. Farm-yard dung, in its usual state, contains as much as 4 

 per 1000 ; it follows, therefore, that the real equivalent number of 

 Flemish manure is 182, that of farm dung being 100 ; in other words, 

 it would require 182 of Flemish manure to replace 100 of farm-yard 

 manure ; a conclusion that differs widely from that which is usually 

 acted uporn. But it must be observed that from its nature, the Flem- 

 ish manure produces its maximum influence in the course of the 



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