RURAL MANUFACTVKES 377 



remotest corners of the State, from far into western 

 ISTew York, from the St. Lawrence Valley, from the 

 upper Champlain and even from over the Canadian 

 boundary. Milk express trains run into the city 

 daily on all the important railroads. Naturally this 

 drift to New York City is deflected around the 

 smaller towns and cities which in their turn are 

 reaching further and further for their supply of 

 raw milk and contribute to the general trend away 

 from the manufacture of milk products. 



Coincident witli this large development of the 

 business in raw milk and cream, there has been a 

 tightening of the sanitary standards under which 

 milk may be made and handled. Such regulations 

 now cover inspection of the barns and cattle, tests of 

 the cattle for tuberculosis, grading of milk, provi- 

 sions for cooling and pasteurization, for types of 

 containers and regulations regarding cleanliness. 

 This is reflected in the market grade of milk. 



A further development in the dairy business is the 

 production of certified milk, particularly for infants 

 and invalids. The regulations are particularly 

 strict and the price must be correspondingly higher 

 than for ordinary milk. The beginning of the cer- 

 tified milk business was about 1900, In 1910, 

 twenty-nine farms produced certified milk to the 

 amount of 16,500 quarts a day. 



The total production of milk has decreased about 

 33 per cent in the ten years from 1899. Since' 1910 

 it has increased slightly. While the sale of market 

 milk has increased 18 per cent, the production of 



