144 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. PT. Ilj 



like the horse, and those with a split hoof, like the ox and 

 goat. Those with split hoofs he divided again according as 

 they chewed the cud, like the ox, or did not, like the pig. 

 Then came the animals whose hoofs are split into many parts, 

 as the hippopotamus and rhinoceros ; then those which have 

 nails only in place of toes, as the elephant ; then those which 

 have toes but no separation between the fourth and fifth toes, 

 as the eat, dog, and mole ; and lastly, those which havei the 

 fifth finger, or toe, quite separate, as the monkeys. After 

 this he divided them more fully, by their teeth, and thus 

 made a very fair classification of quadrupeds. 



The book upon Birds, which comes next in order, had 

 already been published by Ray in 1677, four years after 

 Willughby's death. In it birds were divided first into land- 

 birds and water-birds, and then were classified by the shape 

 of their beak and claws, and according as they fed upon flesh 

 like the vulture, or upon fruit and seeds like the parrot. The 

 water-birds were also divided into those which were long- 

 legged, as the flamingo, or short-legged, as the duck, and 

 according as the web between their toes was more or less 

 complete. 



The ' History of Fishes ' is given as the joint work of Ray 

 and Willughby ; the groups into which they divided them 

 are nearly the same as those now used, but they are too 

 difficult to explain here. 



The * History of Insects * was Ray's work, and was pub- 

 lished by friends after his death, in the same way as he had 

 published Willughby's. He divided insects into— first, those 

 which undergo metamorphosis (that is, turn from the cater- 

 pillar into the moth), as the silkworm, and all moths and but- 

 terflies ; and second, those which do not change their form ; 

 and then he sub-divided them according to the number of 

 their feet, the shape of their wings, and many other characters. 



