CH. XXX. SUMMARY. 281 



these facts, and see how Cuvier, Lamarck, and Darwin have 

 carried out the study of physiology to great results in our 

 own day. But we have still more to include under Biology. 

 After learning the nature of living beings, we must have some 

 order of arrangement by which we can distinguish them. 

 Here we come to the work of Linnreus, one of the grandest 

 men of the eighteenth century. While Buffon was popular- 

 izing natural history, we find the great Swede patiently 

 working out all the minute characters and general features 

 of animals and plants, and reducing the whole kingdom of 

 life into such beautiful order, that after his time it could be 

 studied accurately and usefully by all who cared to take time 

 and trouble. 



Thus, even without mentioning the science of medicine, 

 which has grown far beyond our power of following it up, or 

 the wonderful work with the microscope, which had increased 

 rapidly since the days of Grew and Malpighi, biology grew 

 during the eighteenth century into a group of sciences, 

 the works upon which would fill a library, and each branch 

 of which requires the study of a lifetime to master it. 



Geology.— Side by side with biology arose about this 

 time the modest and almost unnoticed science of the earthy 

 then generally called physical geography, but now known as 

 Geology. This was a small seed sown in the eighteenth 

 century, to grow into a large tree only in our time ; yet it 

 was a great step when Scilla insisted that fossils were the 

 remains of living beings, and that the rocks containing them 

 were formed gradually under lakes or seas. And when 

 Werner taught men to study the earth's crust, and Hutton 

 forced them to see that Nature is, and has always been, 

 building up our present world out of the ruins of the past, 

 the foundations were laid for the real study of the earth and 



