APPENDIX 1. 



THE ELBRUZ EXPEDITION OF 1829. 



The Expedition of 1829, led by General Emmanuel, was a sort of 

 poHtico-geographical progress through some of the northern val- 

 leys of the Caucasus, with the ultimate object of ascending Elbruz. 

 It was accompanied by several German savants, one of whom, Herr 

 Kuppfer, has given an account of it in his ' Voyage dans les En- 

 virons du Mont Elbrouz dans le Caucase,' pubhshed at St. Peters- 

 burg, 1830. 



After experiencing many diflBculties on the road, the expedi- 

 tion, escorted by Cossacks and several cannon, reached in safety 

 the headwaters of the Malka, 8,000 French feet above the sea. 

 On the morning of the 21st July a portion of the party set out 

 at 10 A.M., and at 4 p.m. attained the edge of the snow, at a height 

 which they assumed to be not far from 11,000 ft. Here they en- 

 camped for the night, and at 3 the next m.orning started with some 

 native (Circassian) mountaineers and a few Cossacks. At first 

 all went smoothly, but as the steepness of the slopes and the heat 

 of the sun increased, their progress became more laborious, until 

 — at a point which was determined to be 14,000 French (14,021 

 English) feet above the sea, and therefore reallij 3,600 English 

 feet, though estimated by them to be 1,492 English feet below the 

 summit — M. Kuppfer and three of his companions fairly knocked 

 up. In spite of this, with strange looseness of expression, he 

 proceeds to add : ' However, this first attempt had succeeded 

 beyond our hopes. On entering the Caucasus we had believed 

 Elbruz inaccessible, and in a fortnight we ivere on its summit.' 

 Meanwhile M. Leuz, who, accompanied by two Circassians and a 



K K 



