82 VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 



exist independently of each other; that roaring does not always termi- 

 nate in whistling, nor whistling in roaring." (Williams.) 



■ The loeculiar sound, which is that of air passing through a narrow 

 channel, arises from abnormal contraction in some part of the air pas- 

 sages. The seat of the contraction may be in the larynx, or it may be 

 caused by thickening of the mucous membrane of the windpipe from 

 previous inflammation of that organ. The causes of whistling are very 

 similar to those of roaring. 



Treatment. — The treatment is similar to that of roaring. In some 

 cases a whistler may be capable of more exertion than a roarer; but in 

 other cases an opposite result may be found. 



GRUNTING. 



G-runts are sometimes emitted by horses when struck or suddenly 

 moved. 



Etiology. — Any horse may do it which has been fed for some time on 

 bulky food, and its belly thus distended. Horses also, which have been 

 long in dealers' hands, and have been frequently examined as to wind, 

 will sometimes grunt on being approached, on account of fear of a blow. 



Such grunts may or may not have any connection with disease of the 

 larynx; but the horses which emit them should be examined as to their 

 wind with more than ordinary care. Grunting and roaring usually go 

 together, though they may occur separately. 



