24 DIGESTION AND FOOD. 



than any of the hardest dialects of Sclavonic" In referring 

 to horses thus cruelly treated with bits, Clark says : " How 

 often, indeed, are their sufferings, and the eloquent expression 

 of those sufferings by various movements of the head, dis- 

 regarded, till obedience and patient suffering can no longer 

 endure such torture, and disobedience and mischief become 

 the fruits of this use." Though somewhat digressing from 

 the direct object of these quotations, viz., pointing to the 

 injuries inflicted by bits, I am tempted to refer to a passage 

 in Clark's article on bits, which shows how Rarey's idea of 

 teaching horses with gentleness, and for which he has 

 received much unmerited praise, was an acknowledged 

 principle with intelligent horsemen in this country, long 

 before Rarey crossed the Atlantic. In breaking-in young 

 horses, Bracy Clark says: "Patience and forbearance are 

 leading requisites in it, and, perhaps, at times, some little 

 address ; but, except on very rare occasions, nothing, I believe, 

 should justify punishment, or the resorting to a cruel 

 severity. It is, indeed, wonderful that so spirited, highly 

 gifted, and powerful an animal, should "so easily compound 

 for all his natural rights, for such, I presume, every animal 

 has and yields so readily an abject servility to man, and 

 the loss of liberty and almost every natural desire."* 

 NATUEE OF FOOD ; ITS PKOXIMATE PKINCIPLES. The 



*In his last publication, entitled Fragmenta Veterinaria, Bracy 

 Clark says: "We hail with pleasure anything coming from this new- 

 born land of America, unencumbered as it is with the tumours, incrus- 

 tations, and impediments usually thrown in the way of advancing 

 knowledge by old governments and laws. However, it is not to be 

 expected that all will be good that proceeds thence, without some 

 degree of pruning and setting to rights, as being too wild for immediate 

 adoption. How earnestly we wish the noble example of the founder 

 of Pennsylvania may be kept always in view by this people, who nobly 

 refused to receive the gift of the land of Pennsylvania, though given 



