THE GASTEIC JUICE. 209 



right end of the stomach, being conical in form and flattened 

 from side to side, as seen at Fig. 85, and which are generally 

 branched at their extremities. Two distinct varieties of 

 gastric glands are found in the stomach of the lower animals. 

 In the first variety the glands are lined throughout by 

 columnar epithelium ; they are placed at or near the pylorus, 

 and their function seems to be the secretion of mucus; for 

 the second variety cylindrical epithelium only occupies the 

 upper part of the gland, the lower being filled with roundish 

 oval secreting cells; they occupy the rest of the stomach, and 

 they alone seem to secrete the gastric juice. (See Figs. 86, 87.) 

 There are also scattered over the membrane glands, called 

 lenticular from the shape, which vary greatly in development 

 in different subjects. 



THE GASTEIC JUICE. 



It is this secretion which is produced for the solution of 

 food, and a certain turgescence or redness of the mucous 

 membrane is characteristic of the state of hunger, and is 

 increased as food enters the cavity. The sensation of hunger 

 and turgescence of the membrane are relieved by the flow of 

 gastric juice which is destined for digestion. 



The properties of this secretion were first studied by Di 

 Beaumont, of the U. S. Army, on Alexis St. Martin, a 

 Canadian boatman, who received a gunshot wound into the 

 stomach, which established a permanent fistula. Dr Beau- 

 mont established that an acid fluid was secreted by the 

 stomach whenever food entered the latter, and that it dissolved 

 alimentary matters not only in the gastric cavity, but also in 

 glass phials upon a sand bath, at a temperature of 100 Fahr. 

 Since Dr Beaumont's observations, fistulse of the stomach 

 have been made artificially in animals, and the plan adopted 

 is as follows : 



