CHAPTEE VIII. 



ORGANS OF EESPIKATION. 



Respiration in different animals. Respiratory apparatus. Nasal cham- 

 bers: position, openings, and septum. Sinuses. Pharynx. Larynx: 

 its cartilages and muscles. The glottis. Windpipe or trachea. Bron- 

 chial tubes. Ultimate pulmonary lobules. Air-cells. Pleura. Blood- 

 vessels. Nerves and lymphatics of lungs. Mechanism of respiration. 

 Inspiration. Expiration. Number of respirations per minute. Respira- 

 tion in birds. The Blood: its physical properties and microscopical cha- 

 racters. Blood corpuscles. Liquor sanguinis. Coagulation of blood. 

 Gelatinization. Separation of serum. Circumstances which favour or 

 oppose the clotting process. Exposure to air Heat Cold. Fainting. 

 Action of alkalies. Contact with living tissues. Dr Richardson's and 

 Professor Lister's researches. Buffy coat. Causes of coagulation.- - 

 Chemical characters of 'the blood. Chemical changes in respiration. 

 Physical signs of respiration. Auscultation. Percussion. Palpation. 

 Succussion. Mensuration. Auscultation in the horse Ox Sheep Pig 

 Dog Cat Birds. Auscultation of nasal chambers Larynx Wind- 

 pipeChest. 



IT is an essential condition of existence in all animals, that 

 the blood should at some part of its course be subjected to 

 an interchange of materials with the external air. The 

 bright red arterial blood, in passing through the capil- 

 laries of the system, has a quantity of oxygen replaced by 

 carbonic acid, assuming at the same time a dark hue, and 

 acquiring poisonous, in place of its previous healthy, stimula- 

 ting properties. By free exposure to the air, a substitution 

 of an opposite character is induced, and the process is desig- 



2 G 



