AUSCULTATION. 517 



Goat. The normal sounds resemble those of the sheep, 

 with this difference, that they are much more intense. In 

 the latter respect they exceed even those of the horse's chest. 



Pig. Seldom can this animal be coaxed into sufficient 

 quietness to allow of auscultation. When he does submit to 

 such an examination, the respiratory murmur may be heard 

 with tolerable distinctness over all that space between the 

 shoulder and the last rib. In the front of the superior 

 region it is complicated with a tubal sound. The only super- 

 added sounds are slight borborygmi in the middle and lower 

 regions posteriorly. In fat pigs auscultation is impossible. 



Dog. The race of dogs in general, and greyhounds in 

 particular, present a very strong vesicular murmur, audible 

 over the whole chest. Though feebler, and somewhat con- 

 founded with the sounds of the heart on the level of the fourth, 

 fifth, and sixth ribs, it is still distinctly marked on both 

 sides at this point. In the anterior portion of the upper 

 region, it is complicated with a tubal sound. The superadded 

 natural sounds are similar to those noticed as occurring in 

 the pig. 



Birds. The stethoscope applied to the thorax, and espe- 

 cially below the wing, detects a strong vesicular sound which 

 often becomes harsh or rude. It is calmer as heard over the 

 back ; and over the sternum, especially in palmipedes, it is 

 often imperceptible. 



Abnormal Sounds. These are extremely numerous and 

 complicated, frequently running into each other, and produc- 

 ing sounds of every grade, which prove very perplexing to 

 all but the most practised ear. In reading the subsequent 

 remarks, it must be understood that the typical sounds only 

 are given, and in practice the auscultator is left to refer each 

 of the many modifications to that to which it seems most 

 closely to approximate. 



