FIRST CENTURY OF DAIRYING IN NEW SOUTH WALES. 



at base and tapering gradually to the point. In his opinion, length 

 of horn should not be considered. Either a cow or bull should mea- 

 sure equally across the hips from hip to pin-bone, and from hip to 

 flank. If you can get these latter points with a good escutcheon 

 combined, a cow will be perfect in her hind-quarters. Further, he 

 states that there are ten classes of escutcheon, and six different orders, 

 and of whatever class, if of the first or second order, they are good. 

 The esutcheon generally met with are: Flanderine, selvedge, and 

 curveline, i" the Jersy cows. Jersey cows should all have black 

 tongues. 



The Jersey bull. The perfect color for a Jersey bull is : fawn back, 

 dark on neck and lower part cf ribs; head, line with broad, dished fore- 

 head; throat clean; horns, thin at base, inclined to turn inwards; 

 ears, small and yellow inside; eyes full and large; neck, powerful but 

 not coarse; shoulders fine; chest broad and deep; barrel, round and 

 deep; back, straight and broad across the loins; rump, long and 

 Lrcrd, with hips wide apart; tail, fine, long and tapering; skin, thin 

 and -jfit to the touch; legs, short and straight; tongue and roof of 

 mouth should be black. Great care should always be exercised in the 

 selection and mating of Jersey cattle, in order to keep up a good con- 

 stitution without deteriorating their dairy quality. 



The foregoing was the opinion of Mr. David Ilyairn, of Xowra, 

 Shoalhaven, in 1898. Since then new breeders have come to the front 

 who claim that white spots on the body, or in other wo'rds the broken 

 color of the Jersey, together with a yellow or light colored tongue, 

 with newer notions on the breeding and characteristics of the Jersey, 

 does not indicate impure breeding. My own contention has been that 

 if a family of the Jersey breed of cattle bred true to type and charac- 

 ter in 1898 they ought to continue to breed true to type and character. 

 Consequently I wrote Mr. Hyam o-n the subject this year, 1909, and 

 have his reply as follows : " I received your letter, and was amused 

 to think that men of but a few years' standing as breeders put them- 

 selves forward as experts on the breeding of Jersey cattle. From my 

 long experience (now twenty-five years) of breeding Jerseys, they 

 should be whole colored, without any white or white tongue, which 

 defects can only come about by bad breeding or accident. A whole- 

 colored bull and cow with black tongue will throw a calf true to type 

 and character. But if the cow should be served by accident by a bull 

 of broken color, such a)B an Ayrshire, &c., one can never depend on 

 that cow throwing true to type and character again. This is in my 

 experience the cause of broken color, &c. Many years back it was 

 the custom, when a Guernsey girl married a Jersey man, the father 

 gave his daughter a Guernsey cow ; this cow was taken to Jersey and 

 mated with a Jersey bull, with the result, the' cow being fawn amd 

 white, and white tongue, a defect was quickly introduced. The passing 

 of a law by the Jersey breeders does not by any means constitute the 

 right of any man to break the laws of nature and breeding." Mr. Hyam 

 adds : " The principal reason why broken colored Jersey cattle were 

 brought prominently before the public was when the demand for Jer- 

 sey cattle became so keen in America the Jersey man having an eye 

 to business, sent out all sorts of colors to supply the demand." Mr. 

 John Farraher, of Greenmount, Candelo, also states most positively 

 that " the purebred Jersey should be free from white, with aj black 

 tongue." In fact, his opinion, after upwards <>t" thirty years' experi- 

 ence as a breeder of Jersey- auree> with th.>-e <>f Mr. Hyam in toto. 



Jersey, one of the Channel Tsles, is 150 miles from Southampton, and 

 in sight of the coast of France. Its area is about 28,000 acres. There 

 is a regular service of boats .from Southampton, which are con-fortably 

 fitted up. They call at Guernsey each way, and as the coast of the 

 islands are crowded with rocks and reefs, navigation is dangerous in 

 foggy weather, a great deal of which falls in the Channel at all times 



130. 



